Association Patterns among Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Indicators of Springs in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
This study aimed to verify the linear associations between the physical, chemical and microbiological variables of spring water. The research was developed from two seasons of spring water sample collections and evaluated physical–chemical variables such as temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical con...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/19/3058 |
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| author | Débora Seben Marcos Toebe Arci D. Wastowski Genésio M. da Rosa Osmar D. Prestes Renato Zanella Jaqueline I. Golombieski |
| author_facet | Débora Seben Marcos Toebe Arci D. Wastowski Genésio M. da Rosa Osmar D. Prestes Renato Zanella Jaqueline I. Golombieski |
| author_sort | Débora Seben |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aimed to verify the linear associations between the physical, chemical and microbiological variables of spring water. The research was developed from two seasons of spring water sample collections and evaluated physical–chemical variables such as temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, true and apparent colors, total phosphorus, fluoride and total iron, and microbiological variables—total coliforms and <i>Escherichia coli</i>. The variables’ total alkalinity, total hardness, and electrical conductivity have a strong positive correlation among them (r > 0.50), which is similar to what occurs with the variables’ turbidity, apparent color, true color, and total iron, between nitrite and total iron, and between the turbidity and total coliforms. These correlations occur as a function of the interaction that water has with the soil and the compounds found, thus altering the quality. The springs do not have masonry protection, they only have plant protection. Moreover, this water is exposed and accessible to animals in these areas. In addition, the result of the surface and sub-surface flow effect of spring water must be considered. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:58:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-da1fd858208e45cabfe8754af53ff4df |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:58:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-da1fd858208e45cabfe8754af53ff4df2023-11-23T22:15:04ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-09-011419305810.3390/w14193058Association Patterns among Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Indicators of Springs in Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilDébora Seben0Marcos Toebe1Arci D. Wastowski2Genésio M. da Rosa3Osmar D. Prestes4Renato Zanella5Jaqueline I. Golombieski6Department of Environmental Engineering and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Frederico Westphalen 98400-000, RS, BrazilDepartment of Agronomic and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Frederico Westphalen 98400-000, RS, BrazilDepartment of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, n. 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, BrazilDepartment of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Frederico Westphalen 98400-000, RS, BrazilDepartment of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, n. 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, BrazilDepartment of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, n. 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, BrazilDepartment of Environmental Engineering and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Frederico Westphalen 98400-000, RS, BrazilThis study aimed to verify the linear associations between the physical, chemical and microbiological variables of spring water. The research was developed from two seasons of spring water sample collections and evaluated physical–chemical variables such as temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, true and apparent colors, total phosphorus, fluoride and total iron, and microbiological variables—total coliforms and <i>Escherichia coli</i>. The variables’ total alkalinity, total hardness, and electrical conductivity have a strong positive correlation among them (r > 0.50), which is similar to what occurs with the variables’ turbidity, apparent color, true color, and total iron, between nitrite and total iron, and between the turbidity and total coliforms. These correlations occur as a function of the interaction that water has with the soil and the compounds found, thus altering the quality. The springs do not have masonry protection, they only have plant protection. Moreover, this water is exposed and accessible to animals in these areas. In addition, the result of the surface and sub-surface flow effect of spring water must be considered.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/19/3058correlationprincipal component analysisvariableswater quality |
| spellingShingle | Débora Seben Marcos Toebe Arci D. Wastowski Genésio M. da Rosa Osmar D. Prestes Renato Zanella Jaqueline I. Golombieski Association Patterns among Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Indicators of Springs in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Water correlation principal component analysis variables water quality |
| title | Association Patterns among Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Indicators of Springs in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil |
| title_full | Association Patterns among Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Indicators of Springs in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil |
| title_fullStr | Association Patterns among Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Indicators of Springs in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Association Patterns among Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Indicators of Springs in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil |
| title_short | Association Patterns among Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Indicators of Springs in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil |
| title_sort | association patterns among physical chemical and microbiological indicators of springs in rio grande do sul brazil |
| topic | correlation principal component analysis variables water quality |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/19/3058 |
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