The <i>Purple leaf</i> (<i>Pl</i>) Alleles, <i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i> and <i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i>, Regulate Leaf Color Development Independently from the <i>Pb</i> Gene of <i>Purple pericarp</i> (<i>Prp</i>) in Rice
Color development in various rice organs results from the complementary expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. The <i>Purple pericarp</i> (<i>Prp</i>) trait and the <i>Purple leaf</i> (<i>Pl</i>) trait both display epistasis, relying...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/11/2845 |
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| author | Sang Gu Kang Kyung Eun Lee Jegeun Cho Jeong Wook Lee Geum Sook Do Mohammad Nurul Matin |
| author_facet | Sang Gu Kang Kyung Eun Lee Jegeun Cho Jeong Wook Lee Geum Sook Do Mohammad Nurul Matin |
| author_sort | Sang Gu Kang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Color development in various rice organs results from the complementary expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. The <i>Purple pericarp</i> (<i>Prp</i>) trait and the <i>Purple leaf</i> (<i>Pl</i>) trait both display epistasis, relying on the complement of the <i>Pb</i> and <i>Pp</i> genes for pericarp coloration and the <i>Pl</i> and <i>Pp</i> genes for leaf coloration, respectively. However, there is still genetic uncertainty in identifying the genes responsible for the various color expressions and intensities of rice grain pericarp and leaves. In this study, we characterized the inheritance patterns of color development and the mode of anthocyanin pigments in rice by crossing two parental mutant lines. YUM051, exhibiting dark purple leaves (<i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i>) and purple pericarp (<i>Prp</i>), was crossed with YUM144, which displayed light purple leaves (<i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i>) and a white pericarp (<i>prp</i>). The F1 plants exhibited dark purple leaves with purple pericarps, indicating the dominant nature of the <i>purple leaf</i> (<i>Pl</i>) and <i>purple pericarp</i> (<i>Prp</i>) traits. The rice <i>Prp</i> traits display a complementary interaction, reflected in a 9:7 ratio of purple to white pericarp. However, the <i>Prp</i> trait followed Mendelian segregation with a 3:1 ratio of purple to white pericarp in this cross, indicating homozygous dominant <i>Pp</i> alleles in both parental plants. Meanwhile, the segregation of the purple leaf color in the F<sub>2</sub> generation of this cross followed complementary inheritance, exhibiting a 9:7 segregation ratio between purple leaves and greenish leaves with purple leaf margins. Moreover, the co-segregation of <i>Prp</i> and <i>Pl</i> traits in the cross between YUM051 (<i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i>) and YUM144 (<i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i>) plants did not adhere to the Mendelian 9:3:3:1 independent assortment ratio, confirming that the <i>Pl</i> gene and <i>Pb</i> gene are linked on the same chromosome. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) was detected in the leaves of all progeny resulting from the <i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i> and <i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i> cross. However, C3G was exclusively identified in the seeds of offspring carrying the dominant <i>Pb</i> gene. Therefore, the <i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i> and <i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i> alleles are <i>Pl</i> genes responsible for purple leaf color, while the <i>Pb</i> gene is responsible for purple pericarp color in rice; these genes function independently of each other. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:05:53Z |
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| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-da26aae6a6134c5ba9fb6551f6c25d162023-11-24T14:24:16ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-11-011311284510.3390/agronomy13112845The <i>Purple leaf</i> (<i>Pl</i>) Alleles, <i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i> and <i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i>, Regulate Leaf Color Development Independently from the <i>Pb</i> Gene of <i>Purple pericarp</i> (<i>Prp</i>) in RiceSang Gu Kang0Kyung Eun Lee1Jegeun Cho2Jeong Wook Lee3Geum Sook Do4Mohammad Nurul Matin5Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of KoreaSunforce Inc., 208-31, Gumchang-ro, Yeungcheon-si 31882, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of KoreaColor development in various rice organs results from the complementary expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. The <i>Purple pericarp</i> (<i>Prp</i>) trait and the <i>Purple leaf</i> (<i>Pl</i>) trait both display epistasis, relying on the complement of the <i>Pb</i> and <i>Pp</i> genes for pericarp coloration and the <i>Pl</i> and <i>Pp</i> genes for leaf coloration, respectively. However, there is still genetic uncertainty in identifying the genes responsible for the various color expressions and intensities of rice grain pericarp and leaves. In this study, we characterized the inheritance patterns of color development and the mode of anthocyanin pigments in rice by crossing two parental mutant lines. YUM051, exhibiting dark purple leaves (<i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i>) and purple pericarp (<i>Prp</i>), was crossed with YUM144, which displayed light purple leaves (<i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i>) and a white pericarp (<i>prp</i>). The F1 plants exhibited dark purple leaves with purple pericarps, indicating the dominant nature of the <i>purple leaf</i> (<i>Pl</i>) and <i>purple pericarp</i> (<i>Prp</i>) traits. The rice <i>Prp</i> traits display a complementary interaction, reflected in a 9:7 ratio of purple to white pericarp. However, the <i>Prp</i> trait followed Mendelian segregation with a 3:1 ratio of purple to white pericarp in this cross, indicating homozygous dominant <i>Pp</i> alleles in both parental plants. Meanwhile, the segregation of the purple leaf color in the F<sub>2</sub> generation of this cross followed complementary inheritance, exhibiting a 9:7 segregation ratio between purple leaves and greenish leaves with purple leaf margins. Moreover, the co-segregation of <i>Prp</i> and <i>Pl</i> traits in the cross between YUM051 (<i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i>) and YUM144 (<i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i>) plants did not adhere to the Mendelian 9:3:3:1 independent assortment ratio, confirming that the <i>Pl</i> gene and <i>Pb</i> gene are linked on the same chromosome. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) was detected in the leaves of all progeny resulting from the <i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i> and <i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i> cross. However, C3G was exclusively identified in the seeds of offspring carrying the dominant <i>Pb</i> gene. Therefore, the <i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i> and <i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i> alleles are <i>Pl</i> genes responsible for purple leaf color, while the <i>Pb</i> gene is responsible for purple pericarp color in rice; these genes function independently of each other.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/11/2845anthocyanin<i>Oryza sativa</i>purple pericarppurple leafepistasiscomplementary inheritance |
| spellingShingle | Sang Gu Kang Kyung Eun Lee Jegeun Cho Jeong Wook Lee Geum Sook Do Mohammad Nurul Matin The <i>Purple leaf</i> (<i>Pl</i>) Alleles, <i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i> and <i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i>, Regulate Leaf Color Development Independently from the <i>Pb</i> Gene of <i>Purple pericarp</i> (<i>Prp</i>) in Rice Agronomy anthocyanin <i>Oryza sativa</i> purple pericarp purple leaf epistasis complementary inheritance |
| title | The <i>Purple leaf</i> (<i>Pl</i>) Alleles, <i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i> and <i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i>, Regulate Leaf Color Development Independently from the <i>Pb</i> Gene of <i>Purple pericarp</i> (<i>Prp</i>) in Rice |
| title_full | The <i>Purple leaf</i> (<i>Pl</i>) Alleles, <i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i> and <i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i>, Regulate Leaf Color Development Independently from the <i>Pb</i> Gene of <i>Purple pericarp</i> (<i>Prp</i>) in Rice |
| title_fullStr | The <i>Purple leaf</i> (<i>Pl</i>) Alleles, <i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i> and <i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i>, Regulate Leaf Color Development Independently from the <i>Pb</i> Gene of <i>Purple pericarp</i> (<i>Prp</i>) in Rice |
| title_full_unstemmed | The <i>Purple leaf</i> (<i>Pl</i>) Alleles, <i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i> and <i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i>, Regulate Leaf Color Development Independently from the <i>Pb</i> Gene of <i>Purple pericarp</i> (<i>Prp</i>) in Rice |
| title_short | The <i>Purple leaf</i> (<i>Pl</i>) Alleles, <i>Pl<sup>w</sup></i> and <i>Pl<sup>i</sup></i>, Regulate Leaf Color Development Independently from the <i>Pb</i> Gene of <i>Purple pericarp</i> (<i>Prp</i>) in Rice |
| title_sort | i purple leaf i i pl i alleles i pl sup w sup i and i pl sup i sup i regulate leaf color development independently from the i pb i gene of i purple pericarp i i prp i in rice |
| topic | anthocyanin <i>Oryza sativa</i> purple pericarp purple leaf epistasis complementary inheritance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/11/2845 |
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