Human Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Understanding the Immune Response in the Bronchoalveolar System
<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, the causal agent of one of the most devastating infectious diseases worldwide, can evade or modulate the host immune response and remain dormant for many years. In this review, we focus on identifying the local immune response induced in vivo by <i&g...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/8/1148 |
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| author | María Teresa Herrera Silvia Guzmán-Beltrán Karen Bobadilla Teresa Santos-Mendoza Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez Luis Horacio Gutiérrez-González Yolanda González |
| author_facet | María Teresa Herrera Silvia Guzmán-Beltrán Karen Bobadilla Teresa Santos-Mendoza Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez Luis Horacio Gutiérrez-González Yolanda González |
| author_sort | María Teresa Herrera |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, the causal agent of one of the most devastating infectious diseases worldwide, can evade or modulate the host immune response and remain dormant for many years. In this review, we focus on identifying the local immune response induced in vivo by <i>M. tuberculosis</i> in the lungs of patients with active tuberculosis by analyzing data from untouched cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples. The most abundant resident cells in patients with active tuberculosis are macrophages and lymphocytes, which facilitate the recruitment of neutrophils. The cellular response is characterized by an inflammatory state and oxidative stress produced mainly by macrophages and T lymphocytes. In the alveolar microenvironment, the levels of cytokines such as interleukins (IL), chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are increased compared with healthy patients. The production of cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17 and specific immunoglobulin (Ig) A and G against <i>M. tuberculosis</i> indicate that the adaptive immune response is induced despite the presence of a chronic infection. The role of epithelial cells, the processing and presentation of antigens by macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as the role of tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) for in situ vaccination remains to be understood. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:49:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-da581349ad994998aa077ab1526ab254 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:49:52Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-da581349ad994998aa077ab1526ab2542023-11-30T23:16:39ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2022-08-01128114810.3390/biom12081148Human Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Understanding the Immune Response in the Bronchoalveolar SystemMaría Teresa Herrera0Silvia Guzmán-Beltrán1Karen Bobadilla2Teresa Santos-Mendoza3Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez4Luis Horacio Gutiérrez-González5Yolanda González6Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, MexicoDepartment of Microbiology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, MexicoLaboratory of Transcriptomics and Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, MexicoLaboratory of Transcriptomics and Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, MexicoBiotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara 44270, MexicoLaboratory of Transcriptomics and Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, MexicoDepartment of Microbiology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, the causal agent of one of the most devastating infectious diseases worldwide, can evade or modulate the host immune response and remain dormant for many years. In this review, we focus on identifying the local immune response induced in vivo by <i>M. tuberculosis</i> in the lungs of patients with active tuberculosis by analyzing data from untouched cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples. The most abundant resident cells in patients with active tuberculosis are macrophages and lymphocytes, which facilitate the recruitment of neutrophils. The cellular response is characterized by an inflammatory state and oxidative stress produced mainly by macrophages and T lymphocytes. In the alveolar microenvironment, the levels of cytokines such as interleukins (IL), chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are increased compared with healthy patients. The production of cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17 and specific immunoglobulin (Ig) A and G against <i>M. tuberculosis</i> indicate that the adaptive immune response is induced despite the presence of a chronic infection. The role of epithelial cells, the processing and presentation of antigens by macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as the role of tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) for in situ vaccination remains to be understood.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/8/1148<i>M. tuberculosis</i>bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)innate and adaptive immune responseactive TBtissue-resident memory T cellvaccine target |
| spellingShingle | María Teresa Herrera Silvia Guzmán-Beltrán Karen Bobadilla Teresa Santos-Mendoza Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez Luis Horacio Gutiérrez-González Yolanda González Human Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Understanding the Immune Response in the Bronchoalveolar System Biomolecules <i>M. tuberculosis</i> bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) innate and adaptive immune response active TB tissue-resident memory T cell vaccine target |
| title | Human Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Understanding the Immune Response in the Bronchoalveolar System |
| title_full | Human Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Understanding the Immune Response in the Bronchoalveolar System |
| title_fullStr | Human Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Understanding the Immune Response in the Bronchoalveolar System |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Understanding the Immune Response in the Bronchoalveolar System |
| title_short | Human Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Understanding the Immune Response in the Bronchoalveolar System |
| title_sort | human pulmonary tuberculosis understanding the immune response in the bronchoalveolar system |
| topic | <i>M. tuberculosis</i> bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) innate and adaptive immune response active TB tissue-resident memory T cell vaccine target |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/8/1148 |
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