Protocol paper: kainic acid excitotoxicity-induced spinal cord injury paraplegia in Sprague–Dawley rats
Abstract Background Excitotoxicity-induced in vivo injury models are vital to reflect the pathophysiological features of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans. The duration and concentration of chemical treatment controls the extent of neuronal cell damage. The extent of injury is explained in re...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Biological Research |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-022-00407-0 |
| _version_ | 1811188238372569088 |
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| author | Anam Anjum Yt Jun Cheah Muhammad Da’in Yazid Muhammad Fauzi Daud Jalilah Idris Min Hwei Ng Amaramalar Selvi Naicker Ohnmar Htwe Ismail Ramesh Kumar Athi Kumar Geok Chin Tan Yin Ping Wong Mohd Kaisan Mahadi Yogeswaran Lokanathan |
| author_facet | Anam Anjum Yt Jun Cheah Muhammad Da’in Yazid Muhammad Fauzi Daud Jalilah Idris Min Hwei Ng Amaramalar Selvi Naicker Ohnmar Htwe Ismail Ramesh Kumar Athi Kumar Geok Chin Tan Yin Ping Wong Mohd Kaisan Mahadi Yogeswaran Lokanathan |
| author_sort | Anam Anjum |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Excitotoxicity-induced in vivo injury models are vital to reflect the pathophysiological features of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans. The duration and concentration of chemical treatment controls the extent of neuronal cell damage. The extent of injury is explained in relation to locomotor and behavioural activity. Several SCI in vivo methods have been reported and studied extensively, particularly contusion, compression, and transection models. These models depict similar pathophysiology to that in humans but are extremely expensive (contusion) and require expertise (compression). Chemical excitotoxicity-induced SCI models are simple and easy while producing similar clinical manifestations. The kainic acid (KA) excitotoxicity model is a convenient, low-cost, and highly reproducible animal model of SCI in the laboratory. The basic impactor approximately cost between 10,000 and 20,000 USD, while the kainic acid only cost between 300 and 500 USD, which is quite cheap as compared to traditional SCI method. Methods In this study, 0.05 mM KA was administered at dose of 10 µL/100 g body weight, at a rate of 10 µL/min, to induce spinal injury by intra-spinal injection between the T12 and T13 thoracic vertebrae. In this protocol, detailed description of a dorsal laminectomy was explained to expose the spinal cord, following intra-spinal kainic acid administration at desired location. The dose, rate and technique to administer kainic acid were explained extensively to reflect a successful paraplegia and spinal cord injury in rats. The postoperative care and complication post injury of paraplegic laboratory animals were also explained, and necessary requirements to overcome these complications were also described to help researcher. Results This injury model produced impaired hind limb locomotor function with mild seizure. Hence this protocol will help researchers to induce spinal cord injury in laboratories at extremely low cost and also will help to determine the necessary supplies, methods for producing SCI in rats and treatments designed to mitigate post-injury impairment. Conclusions Kainic acid intra-spinal injection at the concentration of 0.05 mM, and rate 10 µL/min, is an effective method create spinal injury in rats, however more potent concentrations of kainic acid need to be studied in order to create severe spinal injuries. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T14:16:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-da7fb7ae52c24ca78ac39f20c77888f4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0717-6287 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T14:16:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biological Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-da7fb7ae52c24ca78ac39f20c77888f42022-12-22T04:19:24ZengBMCBiological Research0717-62872022-12-0155111110.1186/s40659-022-00407-0Protocol paper: kainic acid excitotoxicity-induced spinal cord injury paraplegia in Sprague–Dawley ratsAnam Anjum0Yt Jun Cheah1Muhammad Da’in Yazid2Muhammad Fauzi Daud3Jalilah Idris4Min Hwei Ng5Amaramalar Selvi Naicker6Ohnmar Htwe Ismail7Ramesh Kumar Athi Kumar8Geok Chin Tan9Yin Ping Wong10Mohd Kaisan Mahadi11Yogeswaran Lokanathan12Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaCentre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaInstitute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur MalaysiaInstitute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur MalaysiaCentre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaDepartment of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaDepartment of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaDepartment of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaDrug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaCentre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaAbstract Background Excitotoxicity-induced in vivo injury models are vital to reflect the pathophysiological features of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans. The duration and concentration of chemical treatment controls the extent of neuronal cell damage. The extent of injury is explained in relation to locomotor and behavioural activity. Several SCI in vivo methods have been reported and studied extensively, particularly contusion, compression, and transection models. These models depict similar pathophysiology to that in humans but are extremely expensive (contusion) and require expertise (compression). Chemical excitotoxicity-induced SCI models are simple and easy while producing similar clinical manifestations. The kainic acid (KA) excitotoxicity model is a convenient, low-cost, and highly reproducible animal model of SCI in the laboratory. The basic impactor approximately cost between 10,000 and 20,000 USD, while the kainic acid only cost between 300 and 500 USD, which is quite cheap as compared to traditional SCI method. Methods In this study, 0.05 mM KA was administered at dose of 10 µL/100 g body weight, at a rate of 10 µL/min, to induce spinal injury by intra-spinal injection between the T12 and T13 thoracic vertebrae. In this protocol, detailed description of a dorsal laminectomy was explained to expose the spinal cord, following intra-spinal kainic acid administration at desired location. The dose, rate and technique to administer kainic acid were explained extensively to reflect a successful paraplegia and spinal cord injury in rats. The postoperative care and complication post injury of paraplegic laboratory animals were also explained, and necessary requirements to overcome these complications were also described to help researcher. Results This injury model produced impaired hind limb locomotor function with mild seizure. Hence this protocol will help researchers to induce spinal cord injury in laboratories at extremely low cost and also will help to determine the necessary supplies, methods for producing SCI in rats and treatments designed to mitigate post-injury impairment. Conclusions Kainic acid intra-spinal injection at the concentration of 0.05 mM, and rate 10 µL/min, is an effective method create spinal injury in rats, however more potent concentrations of kainic acid need to be studied in order to create severe spinal injuries.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-022-00407-0Spinal cord injury (SCI)Kainic acidLocomotionMotor neuronIntra-spinal injection |
| spellingShingle | Anam Anjum Yt Jun Cheah Muhammad Da’in Yazid Muhammad Fauzi Daud Jalilah Idris Min Hwei Ng Amaramalar Selvi Naicker Ohnmar Htwe Ismail Ramesh Kumar Athi Kumar Geok Chin Tan Yin Ping Wong Mohd Kaisan Mahadi Yogeswaran Lokanathan Protocol paper: kainic acid excitotoxicity-induced spinal cord injury paraplegia in Sprague–Dawley rats Biological Research Spinal cord injury (SCI) Kainic acid Locomotion Motor neuron Intra-spinal injection |
| title | Protocol paper: kainic acid excitotoxicity-induced spinal cord injury paraplegia in Sprague–Dawley rats |
| title_full | Protocol paper: kainic acid excitotoxicity-induced spinal cord injury paraplegia in Sprague–Dawley rats |
| title_fullStr | Protocol paper: kainic acid excitotoxicity-induced spinal cord injury paraplegia in Sprague–Dawley rats |
| title_full_unstemmed | Protocol paper: kainic acid excitotoxicity-induced spinal cord injury paraplegia in Sprague–Dawley rats |
| title_short | Protocol paper: kainic acid excitotoxicity-induced spinal cord injury paraplegia in Sprague–Dawley rats |
| title_sort | protocol paper kainic acid excitotoxicity induced spinal cord injury paraplegia in sprague dawley rats |
| topic | Spinal cord injury (SCI) Kainic acid Locomotion Motor neuron Intra-spinal injection |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-022-00407-0 |
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