An evaluation of energy and carbon budgets in diverse cropping systems for sustainable diversification of rainfed uplands in India's eastern hill and plateau region
With increasing cost and use of energy in agriculture, the traditional practice of mono-cropping of rice in upland is neither sustainable nor eco-friendly. It is necessary to identify crop diversification options with high energy efficiency, productivity, and low global warming potential (GWP). In t...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1340638/full |
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| author | Rabi Sankar Pan Santosh S. Mali Rakesh Kumar Sushanta Kumar Naik Pravin Kumar Upadhyay Reshma Shinde Bal Krishna Jha Pawan Jeet Anup Das |
| author_facet | Rabi Sankar Pan Santosh S. Mali Rakesh Kumar Sushanta Kumar Naik Pravin Kumar Upadhyay Reshma Shinde Bal Krishna Jha Pawan Jeet Anup Das |
| author_sort | Rabi Sankar Pan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With increasing cost and use of energy in agriculture, the traditional practice of mono-cropping of rice in upland is neither sustainable nor eco-friendly. It is necessary to identify crop diversification options with high energy efficiency, productivity, and low global warming potential (GWP). In this experiment, an inclusive system analysis was accomplished for 3 years (2016–2019) of five mono-cropping production (MCP) systems namely rice (R), finger millet (FM), black gram (BG), horse gram (HG), pigeon pea (PP), and four intercropped systems viz. R+BG, R+HG, FM+ BG, and FM + HG. The key objective was to evaluate the flow of energy, carbon balance, and GWP of these varied production systems. Puddled rice was recorded as an energy-exhaustive crop (27,803 MJ ha−1), while horse gram was noted to have the lowest energy use (26,537 MJ ha−1). The total energy output from pigeon pea (130,312 MJ ha−1) and diversified intercropped systems (142,135 MJ ha−1) was 65.3% and 80.3% higher than mono-cultured systems, respectively. Rice and rice-based intercropping production systems showed higher carbon footprints (1,264–1,392 kg CO2 eq. ha−1). Results showed that R+BG and R+HG were the most energy-efficient production systems, having higher energy ratio (5.8 and 6.0), higher carbon efficiency (7.41 and 8.24), and carbon sustainability index (6.41 and 7.24) as against 3.30, 3.61, and 2.61 observed under sole cropping production systems. On average, rice and rice-based production systems had 7.4 times higher GWP than other production systems. In productivity terms, pigeon pea and FM+HG had higher rice equivalent yields of 8.81 and 5.79 t ha−1 and benefit-cost ratios of 2.29 and 1.87, respectively. Thus, the present study suggests that pigeon pea and finger millet-based intercropping systems were the most appropriate crop diversification options for the rainfed upland agro-ecosystem of the eastern region of India. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T21:27:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-da9711e871fd4306b4fa22b5070207e2 |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T21:27:17Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems |
| spelling | doaj.art-da9711e871fd4306b4fa22b5070207e22024-02-27T04:29:18ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems2571-581X2024-02-01810.3389/fsufs.2024.13406381340638An evaluation of energy and carbon budgets in diverse cropping systems for sustainable diversification of rainfed uplands in India's eastern hill and plateau regionRabi Sankar Pan0Santosh S. Mali1Rakesh Kumar2Sushanta Kumar Naik3Pravin Kumar Upadhyay4Reshma Shinde5Bal Krishna Jha6Pawan Jeet7Anup Das8ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Farming System Research Centre for Hill and Plateau Region, Ranchi, IndiaICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Farming System Research Centre for Hill and Plateau Region, Ranchi, IndiaICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, IndiaICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Farming System Research Centre for Hill and Plateau Region, Ranchi, IndiaDivision of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, IndiaICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Farming System Research Centre for Hill and Plateau Region, Ranchi, IndiaICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Farming System Research Centre for Hill and Plateau Region, Ranchi, IndiaICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, IndiaICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, IndiaWith increasing cost and use of energy in agriculture, the traditional practice of mono-cropping of rice in upland is neither sustainable nor eco-friendly. It is necessary to identify crop diversification options with high energy efficiency, productivity, and low global warming potential (GWP). In this experiment, an inclusive system analysis was accomplished for 3 years (2016–2019) of five mono-cropping production (MCP) systems namely rice (R), finger millet (FM), black gram (BG), horse gram (HG), pigeon pea (PP), and four intercropped systems viz. R+BG, R+HG, FM+ BG, and FM + HG. The key objective was to evaluate the flow of energy, carbon balance, and GWP of these varied production systems. Puddled rice was recorded as an energy-exhaustive crop (27,803 MJ ha−1), while horse gram was noted to have the lowest energy use (26,537 MJ ha−1). The total energy output from pigeon pea (130,312 MJ ha−1) and diversified intercropped systems (142,135 MJ ha−1) was 65.3% and 80.3% higher than mono-cultured systems, respectively. Rice and rice-based intercropping production systems showed higher carbon footprints (1,264–1,392 kg CO2 eq. ha−1). Results showed that R+BG and R+HG were the most energy-efficient production systems, having higher energy ratio (5.8 and 6.0), higher carbon efficiency (7.41 and 8.24), and carbon sustainability index (6.41 and 7.24) as against 3.30, 3.61, and 2.61 observed under sole cropping production systems. On average, rice and rice-based production systems had 7.4 times higher GWP than other production systems. In productivity terms, pigeon pea and FM+HG had higher rice equivalent yields of 8.81 and 5.79 t ha−1 and benefit-cost ratios of 2.29 and 1.87, respectively. Thus, the present study suggests that pigeon pea and finger millet-based intercropping systems were the most appropriate crop diversification options for the rainfed upland agro-ecosystem of the eastern region of India.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1340638/fullcarbon budgetingcarbon sustainability indexclimate resilient cropping systemenergy productivityglobal warming potentialsystem productivity |
| spellingShingle | Rabi Sankar Pan Santosh S. Mali Rakesh Kumar Sushanta Kumar Naik Pravin Kumar Upadhyay Reshma Shinde Bal Krishna Jha Pawan Jeet Anup Das An evaluation of energy and carbon budgets in diverse cropping systems for sustainable diversification of rainfed uplands in India's eastern hill and plateau region Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems carbon budgeting carbon sustainability index climate resilient cropping system energy productivity global warming potential system productivity |
| title | An evaluation of energy and carbon budgets in diverse cropping systems for sustainable diversification of rainfed uplands in India's eastern hill and plateau region |
| title_full | An evaluation of energy and carbon budgets in diverse cropping systems for sustainable diversification of rainfed uplands in India's eastern hill and plateau region |
| title_fullStr | An evaluation of energy and carbon budgets in diverse cropping systems for sustainable diversification of rainfed uplands in India's eastern hill and plateau region |
| title_full_unstemmed | An evaluation of energy and carbon budgets in diverse cropping systems for sustainable diversification of rainfed uplands in India's eastern hill and plateau region |
| title_short | An evaluation of energy and carbon budgets in diverse cropping systems for sustainable diversification of rainfed uplands in India's eastern hill and plateau region |
| title_sort | evaluation of energy and carbon budgets in diverse cropping systems for sustainable diversification of rainfed uplands in india s eastern hill and plateau region |
| topic | carbon budgeting carbon sustainability index climate resilient cropping system energy productivity global warming potential system productivity |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1340638/full |
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