Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation Systems
Precision agriculture, also referred to as smart farming, is one of the main pillars of modern society to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Precision agriculture aims to improve the quality and quantity of production while conserving scarce natural resources. Smart farming has grown...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/19/10739 |
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| author | Ayman Massaoudi Abdelwahed Berguiga Ahlem Harchay Mossaad Ben Ayed Hafedh Belmabrouk |
| author_facet | Ayman Massaoudi Abdelwahed Berguiga Ahlem Harchay Mossaad Ben Ayed Hafedh Belmabrouk |
| author_sort | Ayman Massaoudi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Precision agriculture, also referred to as smart farming, is one of the main pillars of modern society to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Precision agriculture aims to improve the quality and quantity of production while conserving scarce natural resources. Smart farming has grown in recent years thanks to the adoption of modern technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). In this work, we consider an irrigation system for olive orchards based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Specifically, UAVs ensure remote sensing (RS), which offers the advantage of collecting vital information on a large temporal and spatial scale (which cannot be achieved with traditional technologies). However, UAV-based irrigation systems face tremendous challenges due to the various requirements of a powerful computing ability, battery capacity, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency for different connected devices. This paper addresses the energy efficiency and spectral efficiency trade-off problem of UAV-based irrigation systems. We propose to adopt massive multiple input, multiple output (M-MIMO) technology to ensure wireless communication. In fact, this technology plays a significant role in future sixth-generation (6G) wireless mobile networks and has the potential to enhance the energy efficiency as well as the spectral efficiency. We design a network model with a three-layered architecture and analytically compute the achievable spectral efficiency and the energy efficiency of the studied system. Then, we numerically determine the optimal number of ground base station antennas as well as the optimal number of IoT devices that should be used to ensure the maximum energy efficiency while guaranteeing a high spectral efficiency. The numerical results prove that the proposed UAV-based irrigation system outperforms conventional systems and demonstrate that the best spectral and energy efficiency trade-off is obtained by using the M-MMSE combiner. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:49:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-daa4eaab4f5b42d2965865ef9704a520 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:49:59Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-daa4eaab4f5b42d2965865ef9704a5202023-11-19T14:03:35ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-09-0113191073910.3390/app131910739Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation SystemsAyman Massaoudi0Abdelwahed Berguiga1Ahlem Harchay2Mossaad Ben Ayed3Hafedh Belmabrouk4Department of Computer Science, College of Science and Arts in Gurayat, Jouf University, Sakakah 72388, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Computer Science, College of Science and Arts in Gurayat, Jouf University, Sakakah 72388, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Computer Science, College of Science and Arts in Gurayat, Jouf University, Sakakah 72388, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Electronic Industrial, ENISo, Sousse University, Sousse 4000, TunisiaDepartment of Physics, College of Science at Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah 15341, Saudi ArabiaPrecision agriculture, also referred to as smart farming, is one of the main pillars of modern society to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Precision agriculture aims to improve the quality and quantity of production while conserving scarce natural resources. Smart farming has grown in recent years thanks to the adoption of modern technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). In this work, we consider an irrigation system for olive orchards based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Specifically, UAVs ensure remote sensing (RS), which offers the advantage of collecting vital information on a large temporal and spatial scale (which cannot be achieved with traditional technologies). However, UAV-based irrigation systems face tremendous challenges due to the various requirements of a powerful computing ability, battery capacity, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency for different connected devices. This paper addresses the energy efficiency and spectral efficiency trade-off problem of UAV-based irrigation systems. We propose to adopt massive multiple input, multiple output (M-MIMO) technology to ensure wireless communication. In fact, this technology plays a significant role in future sixth-generation (6G) wireless mobile networks and has the potential to enhance the energy efficiency as well as the spectral efficiency. We design a network model with a three-layered architecture and analytically compute the achievable spectral efficiency and the energy efficiency of the studied system. Then, we numerically determine the optimal number of ground base station antennas as well as the optimal number of IoT devices that should be used to ensure the maximum energy efficiency while guaranteeing a high spectral efficiency. The numerical results prove that the proposed UAV-based irrigation system outperforms conventional systems and demonstrate that the best spectral and energy efficiency trade-off is obtained by using the M-MMSE combiner.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/19/10739precision agricultureirrigationoliveunmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)remote sensingmassive MIMO |
| spellingShingle | Ayman Massaoudi Abdelwahed Berguiga Ahlem Harchay Mossaad Ben Ayed Hafedh Belmabrouk Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation Systems Applied Sciences precision agriculture irrigation olive unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) remote sensing massive MIMO |
| title | Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation Systems |
| title_full | Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation Systems |
| title_fullStr | Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation Systems |
| title_short | Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation Systems |
| title_sort | spectral and energy efficiency trade off in uav based olive irrigation systems |
| topic | precision agriculture irrigation olive unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) remote sensing massive MIMO |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/19/10739 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT aymanmassaoudi spectralandenergyefficiencytradeoffinuavbasedoliveirrigationsystems AT abdelwahedberguiga spectralandenergyefficiencytradeoffinuavbasedoliveirrigationsystems AT ahlemharchay spectralandenergyefficiencytradeoffinuavbasedoliveirrigationsystems AT mossaadbenayed spectralandenergyefficiencytradeoffinuavbasedoliveirrigationsystems AT hafedhbelmabrouk spectralandenergyefficiencytradeoffinuavbasedoliveirrigationsystems |