Analysis of Petrogenic Hydrocarbons in Plant Tissues: A Simple GC-MS-Based Protocol to Distinguish Biogenic Hydrocarbons from Diesel-Derived Compounds
Diesel contamination of farming soils is of great concern because hydrocarbons are toxic to all forms of life and can potentially enter the food web through crops or plants used for remediation. Data on plant ability to uptake, translocate and accumulate diesel-derived compounds are controversial no...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/2/298 |
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| author | Elena Collina Enrico Casati Andrea Franzetti Sarah Caronni Rodolfo Gentili Sandra Citterio |
| author_facet | Elena Collina Enrico Casati Andrea Franzetti Sarah Caronni Rodolfo Gentili Sandra Citterio |
| author_sort | Elena Collina |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Diesel contamination of farming soils is of great concern because hydrocarbons are toxic to all forms of life and can potentially enter the food web through crops or plants used for remediation. Data on plant ability to uptake, translocate and accumulate diesel-derived compounds are controversial not only due to the probable diverse attitude of plant species but also because of the lack of a reliable method with which to distinguish petrogenic from biogenic compounds in plant tissues. The purpose of this study was to set up a GC-MS-based protocol enabling the determination of diesel-derived hydrocarbons in plants grown in contaminated soil for assessing human and ecological risks, predicting phytoremediation effectiveness and biomass disposal. To this end, two plant species, <i>Vicia sativa</i> L. and <i>Secale cereale</i> L., belonging to two diverse vascular plant families, were used as plant models. They were grown in soil spiked with increasing concentrations of diesel fuel, and the produced biomass was used to set up the hydrocarbon extraction and GC-MSD analysis. The developed protocol was also applied to the analysis of <i>Typha latifolia</i> L. plants, belonging to a different botanical family and grown in a long-time and highly contaminated natural soil. Results showed the possibility of distinguishing diesel-derived compounds from biogenic hydrocarbons in most terrestrial vascular plants, just considering the total diesel compounds in the n-alkanes carbon range C10–C26, where the interference of biogenic compounds is negligible. Diesel hydrocarbons quantification in plant tissues was strongly correlated (0.92 < r<sup>2</sup> < 0.99) to the concentration of diesel in spiked soils, suggesting a general ability of the considered plant species to adsorb and translocate relatively low amounts of diesel hydrocarbons and the reliability of the developed protocol. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:48:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-daa9e68a9d1c462ca9efed03f3fa69d2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:48:07Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-daa9e68a9d1c462ca9efed03f3fa69d22024-01-29T14:12:03ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472024-01-0113229810.3390/plants13020298Analysis of Petrogenic Hydrocarbons in Plant Tissues: A Simple GC-MS-Based Protocol to Distinguish Biogenic Hydrocarbons from Diesel-Derived CompoundsElena Collina0Enrico Casati1Andrea Franzetti2Sarah Caronni3Rodolfo Gentili4Sandra Citterio5Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, ItalyDiesel contamination of farming soils is of great concern because hydrocarbons are toxic to all forms of life and can potentially enter the food web through crops or plants used for remediation. Data on plant ability to uptake, translocate and accumulate diesel-derived compounds are controversial not only due to the probable diverse attitude of plant species but also because of the lack of a reliable method with which to distinguish petrogenic from biogenic compounds in plant tissues. The purpose of this study was to set up a GC-MS-based protocol enabling the determination of diesel-derived hydrocarbons in plants grown in contaminated soil for assessing human and ecological risks, predicting phytoremediation effectiveness and biomass disposal. To this end, two plant species, <i>Vicia sativa</i> L. and <i>Secale cereale</i> L., belonging to two diverse vascular plant families, were used as plant models. They were grown in soil spiked with increasing concentrations of diesel fuel, and the produced biomass was used to set up the hydrocarbon extraction and GC-MSD analysis. The developed protocol was also applied to the analysis of <i>Typha latifolia</i> L. plants, belonging to a different botanical family and grown in a long-time and highly contaminated natural soil. Results showed the possibility of distinguishing diesel-derived compounds from biogenic hydrocarbons in most terrestrial vascular plants, just considering the total diesel compounds in the n-alkanes carbon range C10–C26, where the interference of biogenic compounds is negligible. Diesel hydrocarbons quantification in plant tissues was strongly correlated (0.92 < r<sup>2</sup> < 0.99) to the concentration of diesel in spiked soils, suggesting a general ability of the considered plant species to adsorb and translocate relatively low amounts of diesel hydrocarbons and the reliability of the developed protocol.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/2/298diesel compoundsplant uptakeGC-MSD analysisdiesel phytoremediation<i>Vicia sativa</i><i>Secale cereale</i> |
| spellingShingle | Elena Collina Enrico Casati Andrea Franzetti Sarah Caronni Rodolfo Gentili Sandra Citterio Analysis of Petrogenic Hydrocarbons in Plant Tissues: A Simple GC-MS-Based Protocol to Distinguish Biogenic Hydrocarbons from Diesel-Derived Compounds Plants diesel compounds plant uptake GC-MSD analysis diesel phytoremediation <i>Vicia sativa</i> <i>Secale cereale</i> |
| title | Analysis of Petrogenic Hydrocarbons in Plant Tissues: A Simple GC-MS-Based Protocol to Distinguish Biogenic Hydrocarbons from Diesel-Derived Compounds |
| title_full | Analysis of Petrogenic Hydrocarbons in Plant Tissues: A Simple GC-MS-Based Protocol to Distinguish Biogenic Hydrocarbons from Diesel-Derived Compounds |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Petrogenic Hydrocarbons in Plant Tissues: A Simple GC-MS-Based Protocol to Distinguish Biogenic Hydrocarbons from Diesel-Derived Compounds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Petrogenic Hydrocarbons in Plant Tissues: A Simple GC-MS-Based Protocol to Distinguish Biogenic Hydrocarbons from Diesel-Derived Compounds |
| title_short | Analysis of Petrogenic Hydrocarbons in Plant Tissues: A Simple GC-MS-Based Protocol to Distinguish Biogenic Hydrocarbons from Diesel-Derived Compounds |
| title_sort | analysis of petrogenic hydrocarbons in plant tissues a simple gc ms based protocol to distinguish biogenic hydrocarbons from diesel derived compounds |
| topic | diesel compounds plant uptake GC-MSD analysis diesel phytoremediation <i>Vicia sativa</i> <i>Secale cereale</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/2/298 |
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