One-Dimensional Phononic Crystals: A Simplified Platform for Effective Detection of Heavy Metals in Water with High Sensitivity
Recently, the pollution of fresh water with heavy metals due to technological and industrial breakthroughs has reached record levels. Therefore, monitoring these metals in fresh water has become essentially urgent. Meanwhile, the conventional periodic one-dimensional phononic crystals can provide a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Micromachines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/1/204 |
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| author | Abdulkarem H. M. Almawgani Hamza Makhlouf Fathy Ghassan Ahmed Ali Hussein A. Elsayed Ahmed Mehaney |
| author_facet | Abdulkarem H. M. Almawgani Hamza Makhlouf Fathy Ghassan Ahmed Ali Hussein A. Elsayed Ahmed Mehaney |
| author_sort | Abdulkarem H. M. Almawgani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Recently, the pollution of fresh water with heavy metals due to technological and industrial breakthroughs has reached record levels. Therefore, monitoring these metals in fresh water has become essentially urgent. Meanwhile, the conventional periodic one-dimensional phononic crystals can provide a novel platform for detecting the pollution of heavy metals in fresh water with high sensitivity. A simplified design of a defective, one-dimensional phononic crystals (1D-PnC) structure is introduced in this paper. The sensor is designed from a lead-epoxy multilayer with a central defect layer filled with an aqueous solution from cadmium bromide (CdBr<sub>2</sub>). The formation of a resonant peak through the transmittance spectrum is highly expected. This study primarily aims to monitor and detect the concentration of cadmium bromide in pure water based on shifting the position of this resonant peak. Notably, any change in cadmium bromide concentration can affect the acoustic properties of cadmium bromide directly. The transfer matrix method has been used to calculate the transmission spectra of the incident acoustic wave. The numerical findings are mainly based on the optimization of the cadmium bromide layer thickness, lead layer thickness, epoxy layer thickness, and the number of periods to investigate the most optimum sensor performance. The introduced sensor in this study has provided a remarkably high sensitivity (S = 1904.25 Hz) within a concentration range of (0–10,000 ppm). The proposed sensor provides a quality factor (QF), a resolution, and a figure of merit of 1398.51752, 48,875,750 Hz, and 4.12088 × 10<sup>−5</sup> (/ppm), respectively. Accordingly, this sensor can be a potentially robust base for a promising platform to detect small concentrations of heavy metal ions in fresh water. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:40:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dac67a1afcf342bebf4840c975df31d6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-666X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:40:41Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Micromachines |
| spelling | doaj.art-dac67a1afcf342bebf4840c975df31d62023-11-30T23:34:39ZengMDPI AGMicromachines2072-666X2023-01-0114120410.3390/mi14010204One-Dimensional Phononic Crystals: A Simplified Platform for Effective Detection of Heavy Metals in Water with High SensitivityAbdulkarem H. M. Almawgani0Hamza Makhlouf Fathy1Ghassan Ahmed Ali2Hussein A. Elsayed3Ahmed Mehaney4Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi ArabiaTH-PPM Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62512, EgyptInformation Systems Department, College of Computer Sciences and Information Systems, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi ArabiaTH-PPM Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62512, EgyptTH-PPM Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62512, EgyptRecently, the pollution of fresh water with heavy metals due to technological and industrial breakthroughs has reached record levels. Therefore, monitoring these metals in fresh water has become essentially urgent. Meanwhile, the conventional periodic one-dimensional phononic crystals can provide a novel platform for detecting the pollution of heavy metals in fresh water with high sensitivity. A simplified design of a defective, one-dimensional phononic crystals (1D-PnC) structure is introduced in this paper. The sensor is designed from a lead-epoxy multilayer with a central defect layer filled with an aqueous solution from cadmium bromide (CdBr<sub>2</sub>). The formation of a resonant peak through the transmittance spectrum is highly expected. This study primarily aims to monitor and detect the concentration of cadmium bromide in pure water based on shifting the position of this resonant peak. Notably, any change in cadmium bromide concentration can affect the acoustic properties of cadmium bromide directly. The transfer matrix method has been used to calculate the transmission spectra of the incident acoustic wave. The numerical findings are mainly based on the optimization of the cadmium bromide layer thickness, lead layer thickness, epoxy layer thickness, and the number of periods to investigate the most optimum sensor performance. The introduced sensor in this study has provided a remarkably high sensitivity (S = 1904.25 Hz) within a concentration range of (0–10,000 ppm). The proposed sensor provides a quality factor (QF), a resolution, and a figure of merit of 1398.51752, 48,875,750 Hz, and 4.12088 × 10<sup>−5</sup> (/ppm), respectively. Accordingly, this sensor can be a potentially robust base for a promising platform to detect small concentrations of heavy metal ions in fresh water.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/1/204heavy metalscadmium bromide (CdBr<sub>2</sub>)phononic crystalssensoracoustic wavessensitivity |
| spellingShingle | Abdulkarem H. M. Almawgani Hamza Makhlouf Fathy Ghassan Ahmed Ali Hussein A. Elsayed Ahmed Mehaney One-Dimensional Phononic Crystals: A Simplified Platform for Effective Detection of Heavy Metals in Water with High Sensitivity Micromachines heavy metals cadmium bromide (CdBr<sub>2</sub>) phononic crystals sensor acoustic waves sensitivity |
| title | One-Dimensional Phononic Crystals: A Simplified Platform for Effective Detection of Heavy Metals in Water with High Sensitivity |
| title_full | One-Dimensional Phononic Crystals: A Simplified Platform for Effective Detection of Heavy Metals in Water with High Sensitivity |
| title_fullStr | One-Dimensional Phononic Crystals: A Simplified Platform for Effective Detection of Heavy Metals in Water with High Sensitivity |
| title_full_unstemmed | One-Dimensional Phononic Crystals: A Simplified Platform for Effective Detection of Heavy Metals in Water with High Sensitivity |
| title_short | One-Dimensional Phononic Crystals: A Simplified Platform for Effective Detection of Heavy Metals in Water with High Sensitivity |
| title_sort | one dimensional phononic crystals a simplified platform for effective detection of heavy metals in water with high sensitivity |
| topic | heavy metals cadmium bromide (CdBr<sub>2</sub>) phononic crystals sensor acoustic waves sensitivity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/1/204 |
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