Small angle X-ray scattering of particle growth and structure in spray flame synthesis
Customized metal oxide nanoparticles are on increasing demand due to their high specific surface area coupled with their material properties. Spray flame synthesis (SFS) is able to produce such particles in high quantity and purity. However, the turbulent flame including droplets is a complex system...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Applications in Energy and Combustion Science |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23000729 |
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| author | Mira Simmler Simon Buchheiser Ricardo Tischendorf Jalal Poostforooshan Alfred P. Weber Hans-Joachim Schmid Hermann Nirschl |
| author_facet | Mira Simmler Simon Buchheiser Ricardo Tischendorf Jalal Poostforooshan Alfred P. Weber Hans-Joachim Schmid Hermann Nirschl |
| author_sort | Mira Simmler |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Customized metal oxide nanoparticles are on increasing demand due to their high specific surface area coupled with their material properties. Spray flame synthesis (SFS) is able to produce such particles in high quantity and purity. However, the turbulent flame including droplets is a complex system. The analysis of the product is challenging due to the broad size distribution of the aggregated primary particles. Thus, this study combines small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to gain valuable information about primary particle sizes and fractal properties. Insights about the particle formation is obtained by comparing the SAXS data of titanium oxide and iron oxide particles produced with a variety of precursors in different concentrations using two burner setups. Remarkably, all presented systems show a size distribution of the primary particle with two size fractions. The differences in the sizes and consequences for the gained information about the fractal dimensions are discussed in detail. This includes the overlap of scattering information and resolution limits. All particle structures include small particles of 5–8 nm pointing to a gas-to-particle pathway. The large particle fraction ranges from 35 to 320 nm depending on precursor composition and concentration. Their formation is likely linked to hydrolysis reactions of the precursor in spray droplets. For the aggregates, the fractal dimension of mass with values 1.6–1.8 point to diffusion-limited cluster aggregation which is typical for flame-made products. The evaluation of in situ studies with synchrotron radiation confirms the gas-to-particle pathway. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T01:38:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dad97ba2eb234e82921a86834d5bf6fb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2666-352X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T01:38:35Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applications in Energy and Combustion Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-dad97ba2eb234e82921a86834d5bf6fb2023-09-11T04:17:39ZengElsevierApplications in Energy and Combustion Science2666-352X2023-09-0115100183Small angle X-ray scattering of particle growth and structure in spray flame synthesisMira Simmler0Simon Buchheiser1Ricardo Tischendorf2Jalal Poostforooshan3Alfred P. Weber4Hans-Joachim Schmid5Hermann Nirschl6Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe, Germany; Corresponding author.Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe, GermanyPaderborn University, Particle Technology Group, Paderborn, GermanyClausthal University of Technology, Institute of Particle Technology, Clausthal Zellerfeld, GermanyClausthal University of Technology, Institute of Particle Technology, Clausthal Zellerfeld, GermanyPaderborn University, Particle Technology Group, Paderborn, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe, GermanyCustomized metal oxide nanoparticles are on increasing demand due to their high specific surface area coupled with their material properties. Spray flame synthesis (SFS) is able to produce such particles in high quantity and purity. However, the turbulent flame including droplets is a complex system. The analysis of the product is challenging due to the broad size distribution of the aggregated primary particles. Thus, this study combines small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to gain valuable information about primary particle sizes and fractal properties. Insights about the particle formation is obtained by comparing the SAXS data of titanium oxide and iron oxide particles produced with a variety of precursors in different concentrations using two burner setups. Remarkably, all presented systems show a size distribution of the primary particle with two size fractions. The differences in the sizes and consequences for the gained information about the fractal dimensions are discussed in detail. This includes the overlap of scattering information and resolution limits. All particle structures include small particles of 5–8 nm pointing to a gas-to-particle pathway. The large particle fraction ranges from 35 to 320 nm depending on precursor composition and concentration. Their formation is likely linked to hydrolysis reactions of the precursor in spray droplets. For the aggregates, the fractal dimension of mass with values 1.6–1.8 point to diffusion-limited cluster aggregation which is typical for flame-made products. The evaluation of in situ studies with synchrotron radiation confirms the gas-to-particle pathway.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23000729Small angle X-ray scatteringSpray flame synthesisIn situFractal dimension of mass and surfacePrimary particle sizesParticle formation |
| spellingShingle | Mira Simmler Simon Buchheiser Ricardo Tischendorf Jalal Poostforooshan Alfred P. Weber Hans-Joachim Schmid Hermann Nirschl Small angle X-ray scattering of particle growth and structure in spray flame synthesis Applications in Energy and Combustion Science Small angle X-ray scattering Spray flame synthesis In situ Fractal dimension of mass and surface Primary particle sizes Particle formation |
| title | Small angle X-ray scattering of particle growth and structure in spray flame synthesis |
| title_full | Small angle X-ray scattering of particle growth and structure in spray flame synthesis |
| title_fullStr | Small angle X-ray scattering of particle growth and structure in spray flame synthesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Small angle X-ray scattering of particle growth and structure in spray flame synthesis |
| title_short | Small angle X-ray scattering of particle growth and structure in spray flame synthesis |
| title_sort | small angle x ray scattering of particle growth and structure in spray flame synthesis |
| topic | Small angle X-ray scattering Spray flame synthesis In situ Fractal dimension of mass and surface Primary particle sizes Particle formation |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23000729 |
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