| Summary: | <i>Typha lepechinii</i>, a new species from European Russia, is described. In terms of the external morphology, it is similar to <i>T. shuttleworthii</i> but differs from the latter by the shape of female inflorescence, wider leaf blades and geographical distribution. Like <i>T. shuttleworthii</i>, <i>T. lepechinii</i> is clearly distinct from all other cattails of <i>T</i>. sect. <i>Ebracteolatae</i> due to its short male inflorescence that is 2–4 times shorter than the contiguous female inflorescence. The spatial disjunction of this new species from the main distribution range of predominantly European <i>T. shuttleworthii</i> is significant: <i>T. lepechinii</i> is an endemic of the outmost East of the Russian Plain, in particular, the regions of Middle and Southern Cis-Ural region (basin of the Middle and Lower Kama). In terms of the political administrative borders, this new cattail was found in the Udmurt Republic, the Republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, the parts of the Russian Federation. From the elementary comparative molecular standpoint, <i>T. lepechinii</i> is different from its sister <i>T. shuttleworthii</i> due to four single nucleotide positions and two indels of the <i>rpl32</i> gene and <i>rpl32-trnL</i> intergenic spacer (cpDNA). The new cattail is named after I. I. Lepechin (1737–1802)—a Russian scientist-encyclopedist whose primary botanical interest focused on the regions of Ural and Siberia.
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