Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, Indonesia
Bali Province, Indonesia, experiences serious water shortages and groundwater over-abstraction due to rapidly increasing water demand. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential for water reclamation and reuse in Bali Province, focusing on the operational performance of two wastewater treat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/14/2642 |
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| author | Mitria Widianingtias Shinobu Kazama Sawangjang Benyapa Satoshi Takizawa |
| author_facet | Mitria Widianingtias Shinobu Kazama Sawangjang Benyapa Satoshi Takizawa |
| author_sort | Mitria Widianingtias |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bali Province, Indonesia, experiences serious water shortages and groundwater over-abstraction due to rapidly increasing water demand. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential for water reclamation and reuse in Bali Province, focusing on the operational performance of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Although the Suwung WWTP could increase its treatment capacity to produce reclaimed water for irrigation and landscape, there are multiple management issues to be addressed, including fluctuating water demand, limited customer base beyond hotels, concerns about water quality and safety, and cultural perceptions of reclaimed water. In addition, despite the organic loading rates being lower than the design value, the treatment performance of the Suwung WWTP was found to be significantly lower than that of the ITDC WWTP, which achieved high BOD, COD, and TSS removal rates by performing good maintenance of aerators and post-treatment based on dissolved air flotation (DAF). Causal loop analysis indicates that aerator malfunctioning causes multiple problems, such as low dissolved oxygen, poor BOD removal, sludge carryover, and low sludge concentrations. Therefore, regular maintenance of aerators, as well as the development of aerators robust against malfunctioning, are fundamental to producing effluents from stabilization ponds that meet the requirements for irrigation and landscape reuse. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:33:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-daf6f1bb6c5e49d2a2974e1aec067acd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:33:41Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-daf6f1bb6c5e49d2a2974e1aec067acd2023-11-18T21:48:12ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412023-07-011514264210.3390/w15142642Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, IndonesiaMitria Widianingtias0Shinobu Kazama1Sawangjang Benyapa2Satoshi Takizawa3Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku 113-8654, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Socio-Cultural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563, Chiba, JapanDepartment of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku 113-8654, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku 113-8654, Tokyo, JapanBali Province, Indonesia, experiences serious water shortages and groundwater over-abstraction due to rapidly increasing water demand. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential for water reclamation and reuse in Bali Province, focusing on the operational performance of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Although the Suwung WWTP could increase its treatment capacity to produce reclaimed water for irrigation and landscape, there are multiple management issues to be addressed, including fluctuating water demand, limited customer base beyond hotels, concerns about water quality and safety, and cultural perceptions of reclaimed water. In addition, despite the organic loading rates being lower than the design value, the treatment performance of the Suwung WWTP was found to be significantly lower than that of the ITDC WWTP, which achieved high BOD, COD, and TSS removal rates by performing good maintenance of aerators and post-treatment based on dissolved air flotation (DAF). Causal loop analysis indicates that aerator malfunctioning causes multiple problems, such as low dissolved oxygen, poor BOD removal, sludge carryover, and low sludge concentrations. Therefore, regular maintenance of aerators, as well as the development of aerators robust against malfunctioning, are fundamental to producing effluents from stabilization ponds that meet the requirements for irrigation and landscape reuse.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/14/2642aerated lagoonbiochemical oxygen demandcausal loopchemical oxygen demanddissolved air flotationmechanical aerator |
| spellingShingle | Mitria Widianingtias Shinobu Kazama Sawangjang Benyapa Satoshi Takizawa Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, Indonesia Water aerated lagoon biochemical oxygen demand causal loop chemical oxygen demand dissolved air flotation mechanical aerator |
| title | Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, Indonesia |
| title_full | Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, Indonesia |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, Indonesia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, Indonesia |
| title_short | Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, Indonesia |
| title_sort | assessment of water reclamation and reuse potential in bali province indonesia |
| topic | aerated lagoon biochemical oxygen demand causal loop chemical oxygen demand dissolved air flotation mechanical aerator |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/14/2642 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mitriawidianingtias assessmentofwaterreclamationandreusepotentialinbaliprovinceindonesia AT shinobukazama assessmentofwaterreclamationandreusepotentialinbaliprovinceindonesia AT sawangjangbenyapa assessmentofwaterreclamationandreusepotentialinbaliprovinceindonesia AT satoshitakizawa assessmentofwaterreclamationandreusepotentialinbaliprovinceindonesia |