| Summary: | Sulfoxaflor belongs to a new class of insecticides which are effective against many sap-feeding pests. <i>Sitobion miscanthi</i>, <i>Rhopalosiphum padi</i>, and <i>Metopolophium dirhodum</i> are the predominant pests coexisting on wheat plants. It is unknown whether these aphid species have developed resistance to sulfoxaflor. Here, the susceptibilities of three wheat aphid species from different regions of China to sulfoxaflor were evaluated. The results showed that two <i>S</i>. <i>miscanthi</i>, one <i>R</i>. <i>padi</i>, and two <i>M</i>. <i>dirhodum</i> field populations were highly resistant to sulfoxaflor. Additionally, 13 <i>S. miscanthi</i>, 9 <i>R. padi</i>, and 4 <i>M. dirhodum</i> field populations were moderately resistant to sulfoxaflor. Analysis of differences in toxicity showed that the susceptibility levels of <i>R. padi</i> in 9 of 20 regions, <i>M.</i> <i>dirhodum</i> in 5 of 9 regions, and <i>M. dirhodum</i> in 3 of 9 regions to sulfoxaflor were greater than those of <i>S. miscanthi</i>, <i>S. miscanthi</i>, and <i>R. padi</i> in the same regions, respectively. Thus, each wheat aphid species has field populations that are highly sulfoxaflor resistant. The <i>R. padi</i> and <i>M. dirhodum</i> populations were more susceptible to sulfoxaflor than those of <i>S. miscanthi</i>. These findings provide new insights into insecticide resistance development and rational sulfoxaflor use.
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