Development of an Aerogel-Based Wet Electrode for Functional Electrical Stimulation
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been a useful therapeutic tool in rehabilitation, particularly for people with paralysis. To deliver stimulation in its most basic setup, a stimulator and at least a pair of electrodes are needed. The electrodes are an essential part of the system since th...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2023-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10285366/ |
| _version_ | 1797654054036307968 |
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| author | Melissa Marquez-Chin Zia Saadatnia Hani E. Naguib Milos R. Popovic |
| author_facet | Melissa Marquez-Chin Zia Saadatnia Hani E. Naguib Milos R. Popovic |
| author_sort | Melissa Marquez-Chin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been a useful therapeutic tool in rehabilitation, particularly for people with paralysis. To deliver stimulation in its most basic setup, a stimulator and at least a pair of electrodes are needed. The electrodes are an essential part of the system since they allow the transduction of the stimulator signals into the body. Their performance can influence the experience of both patient and therapist in terms of movement generation, comfort, and ease of use. For non-invasive surface stimulation, current electrode options have several limitations involving their interfacing with the skin, practical inconveniences, and short-term functionality. Standard hydrogel electrodes tend to lose their adhesion with the skin quickly, while dry or textile electrodes require constant wetting to be comfortable. In this paper, we present the fabrication, characterization, and FES testing of a new aerogel-based wet electrode for surface stimulation applications for long-term and reusable FES applications. We investigated its functionality by stimulating the biceps brachii of twelve healthy individuals and collected elbow joint torque and comfort ratings for three different intensity levels (low, moderate, and high) of FES. Comparing to standard hydrogel electrodes, no statistically significant difference was found for any intensity of stimulation in either torque or comfort. Overall, the new aerogel-based electrode has an appropriate impedance, is flexible and soft, is conformable to the skin, has a high water absorption and retention, and can be used for FES purposes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T16:53:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-db0d356deec6456cac6ca6eae303a901 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1558-0210 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T16:53:48Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-db0d356deec6456cac6ca6eae303a9012023-10-20T23:00:07ZengIEEEIEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering1558-02102023-01-01314085409510.1109/TNSRE.2023.332440010285366Development of an Aerogel-Based Wet Electrode for Functional Electrical StimulationMelissa Marquez-Chin0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0360-2798Zia Saadatnia1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8907-2902Hani E. Naguib2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-9990Milos R. Popovic3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2837-2346Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, CanadaKITE—Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, CanadaKITE—Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, CanadaInstitute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, CanadaFunctional electrical stimulation (FES) has been a useful therapeutic tool in rehabilitation, particularly for people with paralysis. To deliver stimulation in its most basic setup, a stimulator and at least a pair of electrodes are needed. The electrodes are an essential part of the system since they allow the transduction of the stimulator signals into the body. Their performance can influence the experience of both patient and therapist in terms of movement generation, comfort, and ease of use. For non-invasive surface stimulation, current electrode options have several limitations involving their interfacing with the skin, practical inconveniences, and short-term functionality. Standard hydrogel electrodes tend to lose their adhesion with the skin quickly, while dry or textile electrodes require constant wetting to be comfortable. In this paper, we present the fabrication, characterization, and FES testing of a new aerogel-based wet electrode for surface stimulation applications for long-term and reusable FES applications. We investigated its functionality by stimulating the biceps brachii of twelve healthy individuals and collected elbow joint torque and comfort ratings for three different intensity levels (low, moderate, and high) of FES. Comparing to standard hydrogel electrodes, no statistically significant difference was found for any intensity of stimulation in either torque or comfort. Overall, the new aerogel-based electrode has an appropriate impedance, is flexible and soft, is conformable to the skin, has a high water absorption and retention, and can be used for FES purposes.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10285366/Aerogel-based electrodecomfortfunctional electrical stimulationreusable electrodetorque |
| spellingShingle | Melissa Marquez-Chin Zia Saadatnia Hani E. Naguib Milos R. Popovic Development of an Aerogel-Based Wet Electrode for Functional Electrical Stimulation IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering Aerogel-based electrode comfort functional electrical stimulation reusable electrode torque |
| title | Development of an Aerogel-Based Wet Electrode for Functional Electrical Stimulation |
| title_full | Development of an Aerogel-Based Wet Electrode for Functional Electrical Stimulation |
| title_fullStr | Development of an Aerogel-Based Wet Electrode for Functional Electrical Stimulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of an Aerogel-Based Wet Electrode for Functional Electrical Stimulation |
| title_short | Development of an Aerogel-Based Wet Electrode for Functional Electrical Stimulation |
| title_sort | development of an aerogel based wet electrode for functional electrical stimulation |
| topic | Aerogel-based electrode comfort functional electrical stimulation reusable electrode torque |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10285366/ |
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