How the Duration and Mode of Photopolymerization Affect the Mechanical Properties of a Dental Composite Resin
Composite materials are the most common materials in use in modern dentistry. Over the years, the methods of photopolymerization of composite materials have been improved with the use of various devices, such as quartz tungsten halogen lamps (QTHs), light-emitting diode units (LEDs), plasma-arc lamp...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Materials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/1/113 |
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| author | Leszek Szalewski Dorota Wójcik Weronika Sofińska-Chmiel Marcin Kuśmierz Ingrid Różyło-Kalinowska |
| author_facet | Leszek Szalewski Dorota Wójcik Weronika Sofińska-Chmiel Marcin Kuśmierz Ingrid Różyło-Kalinowska |
| author_sort | Leszek Szalewski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Composite materials are the most common materials in use in modern dentistry. Over the years, the methods of photopolymerization of composite materials have been improved with the use of various devices, such as quartz tungsten halogen lamps (QTHs), light-emitting diode units (LEDs), plasma-arc lamps and argon-ion lasers. This study aimed to compare the mechanical properties of a composite material, depending on the time and mode of photopolymerization. One hundred and forty rectangular specimens (25 × 2 × 2 mm) and forty-two disc-shaped samples (5 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) were prepared from shade A2 Boston composite resin. Samples were cured using the following seven photopolymerization protocols: four fast-cure modes (full power for 3, 5, 10, and 20 s), two pulse-cure modes (5 and 10 shots of 1 s exposures at full power), and one step-cure mode (soft start with a progressive cycle lasting 9 s). Specimens were subjected to a flexural strength test, Vickers microhardness test, and FTIR spectroscopy test. A 2-factor ANOVA and post-hoc tests were carried out to assess the differences in the flexural strength parameter between the tested groups of samples before and after aging. A mixed-model ANOVA was carried out to assess the differences in the Vickers microhardness parameter between the tested groups of samples before and after aging. The lowest values of flexural strength (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and Vickers microhardness (<i>p</i> < 0.001) were obtained for the 3 s mode for the pre- and post-aging groups. The FTIR mapping tests showed a much more homogeneous chemical structure of the composite after 20 s of continuous irradiation, compared to the sample irradiated for 5 s in the continuous mode. The mode and cure time affects the mechanical properties of the composite resin. Appropriate selection of the cure mode and time ensures better mechanical properties of composite resin. This suggests that the survival of dental restorations within the oral cavity could be extended by using longer photopolymerization durations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:56:23Z |
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| id | doaj.art-db3428459d6e478c8b0d478ab4fbe7a7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:56:23Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj.art-db3428459d6e478c8b0d478ab4fbe7a72023-11-16T15:47:11ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-12-0116111310.3390/ma16010113How the Duration and Mode of Photopolymerization Affect the Mechanical Properties of a Dental Composite ResinLeszek Szalewski0Dorota Wójcik1Weronika Sofińska-Chmiel2Marcin Kuśmierz3Ingrid Różyło-Kalinowska4Digital Dentistry Lab., Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiodiagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Dental Prosthetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, PolandAnalytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Maria Curie Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, PolandAnalytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Maria Curie Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiodiagnostics with Digital Dentistry Lab., Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, PolandComposite materials are the most common materials in use in modern dentistry. Over the years, the methods of photopolymerization of composite materials have been improved with the use of various devices, such as quartz tungsten halogen lamps (QTHs), light-emitting diode units (LEDs), plasma-arc lamps and argon-ion lasers. This study aimed to compare the mechanical properties of a composite material, depending on the time and mode of photopolymerization. One hundred and forty rectangular specimens (25 × 2 × 2 mm) and forty-two disc-shaped samples (5 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) were prepared from shade A2 Boston composite resin. Samples were cured using the following seven photopolymerization protocols: four fast-cure modes (full power for 3, 5, 10, and 20 s), two pulse-cure modes (5 and 10 shots of 1 s exposures at full power), and one step-cure mode (soft start with a progressive cycle lasting 9 s). Specimens were subjected to a flexural strength test, Vickers microhardness test, and FTIR spectroscopy test. A 2-factor ANOVA and post-hoc tests were carried out to assess the differences in the flexural strength parameter between the tested groups of samples before and after aging. A mixed-model ANOVA was carried out to assess the differences in the Vickers microhardness parameter between the tested groups of samples before and after aging. The lowest values of flexural strength (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and Vickers microhardness (<i>p</i> < 0.001) were obtained for the 3 s mode for the pre- and post-aging groups. The FTIR mapping tests showed a much more homogeneous chemical structure of the composite after 20 s of continuous irradiation, compared to the sample irradiated for 5 s in the continuous mode. The mode and cure time affects the mechanical properties of the composite resin. Appropriate selection of the cure mode and time ensures better mechanical properties of composite resin. This suggests that the survival of dental restorations within the oral cavity could be extended by using longer photopolymerization durations.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/1/113restorative dentistryaesthetic dentistrybiomechanicscompositesphotopolymerizationflexural strength |
| spellingShingle | Leszek Szalewski Dorota Wójcik Weronika Sofińska-Chmiel Marcin Kuśmierz Ingrid Różyło-Kalinowska How the Duration and Mode of Photopolymerization Affect the Mechanical Properties of a Dental Composite Resin Materials restorative dentistry aesthetic dentistry biomechanics composites photopolymerization flexural strength |
| title | How the Duration and Mode of Photopolymerization Affect the Mechanical Properties of a Dental Composite Resin |
| title_full | How the Duration and Mode of Photopolymerization Affect the Mechanical Properties of a Dental Composite Resin |
| title_fullStr | How the Duration and Mode of Photopolymerization Affect the Mechanical Properties of a Dental Composite Resin |
| title_full_unstemmed | How the Duration and Mode of Photopolymerization Affect the Mechanical Properties of a Dental Composite Resin |
| title_short | How the Duration and Mode of Photopolymerization Affect the Mechanical Properties of a Dental Composite Resin |
| title_sort | how the duration and mode of photopolymerization affect the mechanical properties of a dental composite resin |
| topic | restorative dentistry aesthetic dentistry biomechanics composites photopolymerization flexural strength |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/1/113 |
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