Analysis on Storage Off-Gas Emissions from Woody, Herbaceous, and Torrefied Biomass
Wood chips, torrefied wood chips, ground switchgrass, and wood pellets were tested for off‑gas emissions during storage. Storage canisters with gas‑collection ports were used to conduct experiments at room temperature of 20 °C and in a laboratory oven set at 40 °C. Commercially-produced wood pellets...
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MDPI AG
2015-03-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/8/3/1745 |
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| author | Jaya Shankar Tumuluru C. Jim Lim Xiaotao T. Bi Xingya Kuang Staffan Melin Fahimeh Yazdanpanah Shahab Sokhansanj |
| author_facet | Jaya Shankar Tumuluru C. Jim Lim Xiaotao T. Bi Xingya Kuang Staffan Melin Fahimeh Yazdanpanah Shahab Sokhansanj |
| author_sort | Jaya Shankar Tumuluru |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Wood chips, torrefied wood chips, ground switchgrass, and wood pellets were tested for off‑gas emissions during storage. Storage canisters with gas‑collection ports were used to conduct experiments at room temperature of 20 °C and in a laboratory oven set at 40 °C. Commercially-produced wood pellets yielded the highest carbon monoxide (CO) emissions at both 20 and 40 °C (1600 and 13,000 ppmv), whereas torrefied wood chips emitted the lowest of about <200 and <2000 ppmv. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from wood pellets were 3000 ppmv and 42,000 ppmv, whereas torrefied wood chips registered at about 2000 and 25,000 ppmv, at 20 and 40 °C at the end of 11 days of storage. CO emission factors (milligrams per kilogram of biomass) calculated were lowest for ground switchgrass and torrefied wood chips (2.68 and 4.86 mg/kg) whereas wood pellets had the highest CO of about 10.60 mg/kg, respectively, at 40 °C after 11 days of storage. In the case of CO2, wood pellets recorded the lowest value of 55.46 mg/kg, whereas switchgrass recorded the highest value of 318.72 mg/kg. This study concludes that CO emission factor is highest for wood pellets, CO2 is highest for switchgrass and CH4 is negligible for all feedstocks except for wood pellets, which is about 0.374 mg/kg at the end of 11-day storage at 40 °C. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:18:36Z |
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| id | doaj.art-db4d1cfd754a46ffb0ec2115da7d03be |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:18:36Z |
| publishDate | 2015-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-db4d1cfd754a46ffb0ec2115da7d03be2022-12-22T04:22:18ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732015-03-01831745175910.3390/en8031745en8031745Analysis on Storage Off-Gas Emissions from Woody, Herbaceous, and Torrefied BiomassJaya Shankar Tumuluru0C. Jim Lim1Xiaotao T. Bi2Xingya Kuang3Staffan Melin4Fahimeh Yazdanpanah5Shahab Sokhansanj6Biofuels and Renewable Energy Technologies Department, Energy Systems & Technologies Division, Idaho National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2025, USADepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CanadaDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CanadaDepartment of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu, District Central Hospital, Shanghai 200090, ChinaDelta Research Corporation, 501 Centennial Parkway, Delta, BC V4L 2L5, CanadaDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CanadaDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CanadaWood chips, torrefied wood chips, ground switchgrass, and wood pellets were tested for off‑gas emissions during storage. Storage canisters with gas‑collection ports were used to conduct experiments at room temperature of 20 °C and in a laboratory oven set at 40 °C. Commercially-produced wood pellets yielded the highest carbon monoxide (CO) emissions at both 20 and 40 °C (1600 and 13,000 ppmv), whereas torrefied wood chips emitted the lowest of about <200 and <2000 ppmv. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from wood pellets were 3000 ppmv and 42,000 ppmv, whereas torrefied wood chips registered at about 2000 and 25,000 ppmv, at 20 and 40 °C at the end of 11 days of storage. CO emission factors (milligrams per kilogram of biomass) calculated were lowest for ground switchgrass and torrefied wood chips (2.68 and 4.86 mg/kg) whereas wood pellets had the highest CO of about 10.60 mg/kg, respectively, at 40 °C after 11 days of storage. In the case of CO2, wood pellets recorded the lowest value of 55.46 mg/kg, whereas switchgrass recorded the highest value of 318.72 mg/kg. This study concludes that CO emission factor is highest for wood pellets, CO2 is highest for switchgrass and CH4 is negligible for all feedstocks except for wood pellets, which is about 0.374 mg/kg at the end of 11-day storage at 40 °C.http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/8/3/1745storage off‑gaswood chipstorrefied wood chipswood pelletsswitchgrassemission factor |
| spellingShingle | Jaya Shankar Tumuluru C. Jim Lim Xiaotao T. Bi Xingya Kuang Staffan Melin Fahimeh Yazdanpanah Shahab Sokhansanj Analysis on Storage Off-Gas Emissions from Woody, Herbaceous, and Torrefied Biomass Energies storage off‑gas wood chips torrefied wood chips wood pellets switchgrass emission factor |
| title | Analysis on Storage Off-Gas Emissions from Woody, Herbaceous, and Torrefied Biomass |
| title_full | Analysis on Storage Off-Gas Emissions from Woody, Herbaceous, and Torrefied Biomass |
| title_fullStr | Analysis on Storage Off-Gas Emissions from Woody, Herbaceous, and Torrefied Biomass |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis on Storage Off-Gas Emissions from Woody, Herbaceous, and Torrefied Biomass |
| title_short | Analysis on Storage Off-Gas Emissions from Woody, Herbaceous, and Torrefied Biomass |
| title_sort | analysis on storage off gas emissions from woody herbaceous and torrefied biomass |
| topic | storage off‑gas wood chips torrefied wood chips wood pellets switchgrass emission factor |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/8/3/1745 |
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