Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Radiation-feedback-generated Outflows
We use high-resolution zoom-in cosmological simulations to model outflow triggered by radiation and thermal drivers around the central mass accumulation during direct collapse within the dark matter (DM) halo. The maximal resolution is 1.3 × 10 ^−5 pc, and no restrictions are put on the geometry of...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acefb9 |
| _version_ | 1797676983517184000 |
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| author | Yang Luo Isaac Shlosman Kentaro Nagamine |
| author_facet | Yang Luo Isaac Shlosman Kentaro Nagamine |
| author_sort | Yang Luo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We use high-resolution zoom-in cosmological simulations to model outflow triggered by radiation and thermal drivers around the central mass accumulation during direct collapse within the dark matter (DM) halo. The maximal resolution is 1.3 × 10 ^−5 pc, and no restrictions are put on the geometry of the inflow/outflow. The central mass is considered prior to the formation of the supermassive black hole seed at a redshift of z ∼ 15.9 and can constitute either a supermassive star (SMS) of ∼10 ^5 M _⊙ surrounded by a growing accretion disk or a self-gravitating disk. The radiation transfer is modeled using the ray-tracing algorithm. Due to the high accretion rate of ∼1 M _⊙ yr ^−1 determined by the DM halo, accretion is mildly supercritical, resulting in mildly supercritical luminosity that has only a limited effect on the accretion rate, with a duty cycle of ∼0.9. We observe a fast development of hot cavities, which quickly extend into polar funnels and expand dense shells. Within the funnels, fast winds, ∼10 ^3 km s ^−1 , are mass-loaded by the accreting gas. We follow the expanding shells to ∼1 pc, when the shell velocity remains substantially (∼5 times) above the escape speed. The ionization cones formed by the central UV/X-ray completely ionize the cavities. Extrapolating the outflow properties shows that the halo material outside the shell will have difficulty stopping it. We therefore conclude that the expanding wind-driven shell will break out of the central parsec and will reach the halo virial radius. Finally, the anisotropic accretion flow on subparsec scales will attenuate the UV/soft X-rays on the H _2 . Hence, the formation of funnels and powerful outflows around, e.g., SMSs can have interesting observational corollaries. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T22:38:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-db73141c68a44ab9ac1929873c3bb297 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T22:38:21Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-db73141c68a44ab9ac1929873c3bb2972023-09-22T11:39:04ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572023-01-0195529910.3847/1538-4357/acefb9Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Radiation-feedback-generated OutflowsYang Luo0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2243-2790Isaac Shlosman1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1233-445XKentaro Nagamine2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7457-8487Department of Astronomy, Yunnan University , Kunming, Yunnan 650091, People's Republic of China ; luoyang@ynu.edu.cnDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA ; isaac.shlosman@uky.edu; Theoretical Astrophysics, Department of Earth & Space Science, Osaka University , 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, JapanTheoretical Astrophysics, Department of Earth & Space Science, Osaka University , 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nevada , Las Vegas, NV 89154-4002, USA; Kavli-IPMU (WPI), University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8583, JapanWe use high-resolution zoom-in cosmological simulations to model outflow triggered by radiation and thermal drivers around the central mass accumulation during direct collapse within the dark matter (DM) halo. The maximal resolution is 1.3 × 10 ^−5 pc, and no restrictions are put on the geometry of the inflow/outflow. The central mass is considered prior to the formation of the supermassive black hole seed at a redshift of z ∼ 15.9 and can constitute either a supermassive star (SMS) of ∼10 ^5 M _⊙ surrounded by a growing accretion disk or a self-gravitating disk. The radiation transfer is modeled using the ray-tracing algorithm. Due to the high accretion rate of ∼1 M _⊙ yr ^−1 determined by the DM halo, accretion is mildly supercritical, resulting in mildly supercritical luminosity that has only a limited effect on the accretion rate, with a duty cycle of ∼0.9. We observe a fast development of hot cavities, which quickly extend into polar funnels and expand dense shells. Within the funnels, fast winds, ∼10 ^3 km s ^−1 , are mass-loaded by the accreting gas. We follow the expanding shells to ∼1 pc, when the shell velocity remains substantially (∼5 times) above the escape speed. The ionization cones formed by the central UV/X-ray completely ionize the cavities. Extrapolating the outflow properties shows that the halo material outside the shell will have difficulty stopping it. We therefore conclude that the expanding wind-driven shell will break out of the central parsec and will reach the halo virial radius. Finally, the anisotropic accretion flow on subparsec scales will attenuate the UV/soft X-rays on the H _2 . Hence, the formation of funnels and powerful outflows around, e.g., SMSs can have interesting observational corollaries.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acefb9GalaxiesActive galactic nucleiQuasarsSupermassive black holesPlasma astrophysicsEarly universe |
| spellingShingle | Yang Luo Isaac Shlosman Kentaro Nagamine Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Radiation-feedback-generated Outflows The Astrophysical Journal Galaxies Active galactic nuclei Quasars Supermassive black holes Plasma astrophysics Early universe |
| title | Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Radiation-feedback-generated Outflows |
| title_full | Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Radiation-feedback-generated Outflows |
| title_fullStr | Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Radiation-feedback-generated Outflows |
| title_full_unstemmed | Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Radiation-feedback-generated Outflows |
| title_short | Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Radiation-feedback-generated Outflows |
| title_sort | direct collapse to precursors of supermassive black hole seeds radiation feedback generated outflows |
| topic | Galaxies Active galactic nuclei Quasars Supermassive black holes Plasma astrophysics Early universe |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acefb9 |
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