Geochemical characterization of volcanic gas emissions at Santa Ana and San Miguel volcanoes, El Salvador, using remote-sensing and in situ measurements
Volcanic degassing provides important information for the assessment of volcanic hazards. Santa Ana and San Miguel are open vent volcanoes along the Central American Volcanic Arc–CAVA, where the magmatism, basaltic to dacitic, is related to the near-orthogonal convergence of the Caribbean Plate and...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Earth Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2023.1049670/full |
| _version_ | 1797814372996743168 |
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| author | Xochilt Gutiérrez Nicole Bobrowski Nicole Bobrowski Julian Rüdiger Marcello Liotta Bastien Geil Thorsten Hoffmann Eduardo Gutiérrez Florian Dinger Florian Dinger Francisco Montalvo Mirian Villalobos Demetrio Escobar |
| author_facet | Xochilt Gutiérrez Nicole Bobrowski Nicole Bobrowski Julian Rüdiger Marcello Liotta Bastien Geil Thorsten Hoffmann Eduardo Gutiérrez Florian Dinger Florian Dinger Francisco Montalvo Mirian Villalobos Demetrio Escobar |
| author_sort | Xochilt Gutiérrez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Volcanic degassing provides important information for the assessment of volcanic hazards. Santa Ana and San Miguel are open vent volcanoes along the Central American Volcanic Arc–CAVA, where the magmatism, basaltic to dacitic, is related to the near-orthogonal convergence of the Caribbean Plate and the subducting Cocos Plate. Both volcanoes are the most active ones in El Salvador with recent eruptive events in October 2005 (Santa Ana) and December 2013 (San Miguel), but still not much data on gas composition and emission are available today. At each volcano, SO2 emissions are regularly monitored using ground-based scanning Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (Scan-DOAS) instruments that are part of the global “Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change” (NOVAC). We used the data series from these NOVAC stations in order to retrieve SO2 and minimum bromine emissions, which can be retrieved from the same spectral data for the period 2006–2020 at Santa Ana and 2008–2019 at San Miguel. However, BrO was not detected above the detection limit. SO2 emission ranged from 10 to 7,760 t/d, and from 10 to 5,870 t/d for Santa Ana and San Miguel, respectively. In addition, the SO2 emissions are complemented with in situ plume data collected during regular monitoring surveys (2018–2020) and two field campaigns in El Salvador (2019 and 2020). MultiGAS instruments recorded CO2, SO2, H2S and H2 concentrations. We determined an average CO2/SO2 ratio of 2.9 ± 0.6 when peak SO2 concentration exceeded 15 ppmv at Santa Ana, while at San Miguel the CO2/SO2 ratio was 7.4 ± 1.8, but SO2 levels reached only up to 6.1 ppmv. Taking into account these ratios and the SO2 emissions determined in this study, the resulting CO2 emissions are about one order of magnitude higher than those determined so far for the two volcanoes. During the two field campaigns Raschig tubes (active alkaline trap) were used to collect plume samples which were analyzed with IC and ICP-MS to identify and quantify CO2, SO2, HCl, HF, and HBr. Additionally, also 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (TMB)-coated denuders were applied and subsequently analyzed by GC-MS to determine the sum of the reactive halogen species (RHS: including Cl2, Br2, interhalogens, hypohalous acids). The RHS to sulfur ratios at Santa Ana and San Miguel lie in the range of 10−5. Although no new insights could be gained regarding changes with volcanic activity, we present the most comprehensive gas geochemical data set of Santa Ana and San Miguel volcanoes, leading to a solid data baseline for future monitoring purposes at both volcanoes and their improved estimate of CO2, SO2 and halogens emissions. Determining the reactive fraction of halogens is a first step towards a better understanding of their effects on the atmosphere. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T08:06:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-db7e1a9b29e84b70a0cb77251134318c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-6463 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T08:06:45Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Earth Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-db7e1a9b29e84b70a0cb77251134318c2023-06-01T04:55:58ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Earth Science2296-64632023-06-011110.3389/feart.2023.10496701049670Geochemical characterization of volcanic gas emissions at Santa Ana and San Miguel volcanoes, El Salvador, using remote-sensing and in situ measurementsXochilt Gutiérrez0Nicole Bobrowski1Nicole Bobrowski2Julian Rüdiger3Marcello Liotta4Bastien Geil5Thorsten Hoffmann6Eduardo Gutiérrez7Florian Dinger8Florian Dinger9Francisco Montalvo10Mirian Villalobos11Demetrio Escobar12Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, GermanyInstitute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, GermanyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia—Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, ItalyUmweltbundesamt, Langen, GermanyInstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia—Sezione di Palermo, Palermo, ItalyInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, GermanyInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, GermanyInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, GermanyInstitute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, GermanyMax-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, GermanyObservatorio Ambiental, Área de Vulcanología, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, San Salvador, El SalvadorObservatorio Ambiental, Área de Vulcanología, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, San Salvador, El SalvadorObservatorio Ambiental, Área de Vulcanología, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, San Salvador, El SalvadorVolcanic degassing provides important information for the assessment of volcanic hazards. Santa Ana and San Miguel are open vent volcanoes along the Central American Volcanic Arc–CAVA, where the magmatism, basaltic to dacitic, is related to the near-orthogonal convergence of the Caribbean Plate and the subducting Cocos Plate. Both volcanoes are the most active ones in El Salvador with recent eruptive events in October 2005 (Santa Ana) and December 2013 (San Miguel), but still not much data on gas composition and emission are available today. At each volcano, SO2 emissions are regularly monitored using ground-based scanning Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (Scan-DOAS) instruments that are part of the global “Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change” (NOVAC). We used the data series from these NOVAC stations in order to retrieve SO2 and minimum bromine emissions, which can be retrieved from the same spectral data for the period 2006–2020 at Santa Ana and 2008–2019 at San Miguel. However, BrO was not detected above the detection limit. SO2 emission ranged from 10 to 7,760 t/d, and from 10 to 5,870 t/d for Santa Ana and San Miguel, respectively. In addition, the SO2 emissions are complemented with in situ plume data collected during regular monitoring surveys (2018–2020) and two field campaigns in El Salvador (2019 and 2020). MultiGAS instruments recorded CO2, SO2, H2S and H2 concentrations. We determined an average CO2/SO2 ratio of 2.9 ± 0.6 when peak SO2 concentration exceeded 15 ppmv at Santa Ana, while at San Miguel the CO2/SO2 ratio was 7.4 ± 1.8, but SO2 levels reached only up to 6.1 ppmv. Taking into account these ratios and the SO2 emissions determined in this study, the resulting CO2 emissions are about one order of magnitude higher than those determined so far for the two volcanoes. During the two field campaigns Raschig tubes (active alkaline trap) were used to collect plume samples which were analyzed with IC and ICP-MS to identify and quantify CO2, SO2, HCl, HF, and HBr. Additionally, also 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (TMB)-coated denuders were applied and subsequently analyzed by GC-MS to determine the sum of the reactive halogen species (RHS: including Cl2, Br2, interhalogens, hypohalous acids). The RHS to sulfur ratios at Santa Ana and San Miguel lie in the range of 10−5. Although no new insights could be gained regarding changes with volcanic activity, we present the most comprehensive gas geochemical data set of Santa Ana and San Miguel volcanoes, leading to a solid data baseline for future monitoring purposes at both volcanoes and their improved estimate of CO2, SO2 and halogens emissions. Determining the reactive fraction of halogens is a first step towards a better understanding of their effects on the atmosphere.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2023.1049670/fullSanta AnaSan Miguelvolcanic gas emissionsSO2 emissionshalogen emissions(min.5-max. 8) |
| spellingShingle | Xochilt Gutiérrez Nicole Bobrowski Nicole Bobrowski Julian Rüdiger Marcello Liotta Bastien Geil Thorsten Hoffmann Eduardo Gutiérrez Florian Dinger Florian Dinger Francisco Montalvo Mirian Villalobos Demetrio Escobar Geochemical characterization of volcanic gas emissions at Santa Ana and San Miguel volcanoes, El Salvador, using remote-sensing and in situ measurements Frontiers in Earth Science Santa Ana San Miguel volcanic gas emissions SO2 emissions halogen emissions (min.5-max. 8) |
| title | Geochemical characterization of volcanic gas emissions at Santa Ana and San Miguel volcanoes, El Salvador, using remote-sensing and in situ measurements |
| title_full | Geochemical characterization of volcanic gas emissions at Santa Ana and San Miguel volcanoes, El Salvador, using remote-sensing and in situ measurements |
| title_fullStr | Geochemical characterization of volcanic gas emissions at Santa Ana and San Miguel volcanoes, El Salvador, using remote-sensing and in situ measurements |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geochemical characterization of volcanic gas emissions at Santa Ana and San Miguel volcanoes, El Salvador, using remote-sensing and in situ measurements |
| title_short | Geochemical characterization of volcanic gas emissions at Santa Ana and San Miguel volcanoes, El Salvador, using remote-sensing and in situ measurements |
| title_sort | geochemical characterization of volcanic gas emissions at santa ana and san miguel volcanoes el salvador using remote sensing and in situ measurements |
| topic | Santa Ana San Miguel volcanic gas emissions SO2 emissions halogen emissions (min.5-max. 8) |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2023.1049670/full |
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