Phase prediction, microstructure, and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered Ni–Al–Ti–Mn–Co–Fe–Cr high entropy alloys
Abstract The effect of mechanical alloying on the development of Ni–Al–Ti–Mn–Co–Fe–Cr high entropy alloys (HEAs) utilizing the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method is the main goal of this study. A bulk sample was fabricated using SPS after the alloys were mixed for 12 h. Thermodynamic simulation, X-...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Discover Nano |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-023-03889-3 |
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| author | Emmanuel Olorundaisi Bukola J. Babalola Moipone L. Teffo Ufoma S. Anamu Peter A. Olubambi Juwon Fayomi Anthony O. Ogunmefun |
| author_facet | Emmanuel Olorundaisi Bukola J. Babalola Moipone L. Teffo Ufoma S. Anamu Peter A. Olubambi Juwon Fayomi Anthony O. Ogunmefun |
| author_sort | Emmanuel Olorundaisi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The effect of mechanical alloying on the development of Ni–Al–Ti–Mn–Co–Fe–Cr high entropy alloys (HEAs) utilizing the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method is the main goal of this study. A bulk sample was fabricated using SPS after the alloys were mixed for 12 h. Thermodynamic simulation, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nanoindentation, and microhardness were used to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-mixed powders. The master alloy was made of NiAl and was subsequently alloyed with Ti, Mn, Co, Fe, and Cr at different compositions to develop HEAs at a sintering temperature of 850 °C, a heating rate of 100 °C/min, a pressure of 50 MPa, and a dwelling time of 5 min. A uniform dispersion of the alloying material can be seen in the microstructure of the sintered HEAs with different weight elements. The grain size analysis shows that the Ni25Al25Ti8Mn8Co15Fe14Cr5 alloy exhibited a refined structure with a grain size of 2.36 ± 0.27 µm compared to a coarser grain size of 8.26 ± 0.43 μm attained by the NiAl master alloy. Similarly, the HEAs with the highest alloying content had a greater microstrain value of 0.0449 ± 0.0036, whereas the unalloyed NiAl had 0.00187 ± 0.0005. Maximum microhardness of 139 ± 0.8 HV, nanohardness of 18.8 ± 0.36 GPa, elastic modulus of 207.5 ± 1.65 GPa, elastic recovery (W e/W t) of 0.556 ± 0.035, elastic strain to failure (H/E r) of 0.09.06 ± 0.0027, yield pressure (H 3/ $$E_{{\text{r}}}^{2}$$ E r 2 ) of 0.154 ± 0.0055 GPa, and the least plasticity index (W p/W t) of 0.444 ± 0.039 were attained by Ni25Al25Ti8Mn8Co15Fe14Cr5. A steady movement to the left may be seen in the load–displacement curve. Increased resistance to indentation by the developed HEAs was made possible by the increase in alloying metals, which ultimately led to higher nanohardness and elastic modulus. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:11:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-db860b7d7dc44cffa27ab114ecd168ad |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:11:31Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
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| series | Discover Nano |
| spelling | doaj.art-db860b7d7dc44cffa27ab114ecd168ad2023-11-20T10:40:17ZengSpringerDiscover Nano2731-92292023-09-0118112310.1186/s11671-023-03889-3Phase prediction, microstructure, and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered Ni–Al–Ti–Mn–Co–Fe–Cr high entropy alloysEmmanuel Olorundaisi0Bukola J. Babalola1Moipone L. Teffo2Ufoma S. Anamu3Peter A. Olubambi4Juwon Fayomi5Anthony O. Ogunmefun6Centre for Nanoengineering and Advanced Materials, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of JohannesburgCentre for Nanoengineering and Advanced Materials, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of JohannesburgDepartment of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Institute for Nanoengineering Research, Tshwane University of TechnologyCentre for Nanoengineering and Advanced Materials, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of JohannesburgCentre for Nanoengineering and Advanced Materials, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of JohannesburgCenter for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, RMIT UniversityCentre for Nanoengineering and Advanced Materials, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of JohannesburgAbstract The effect of mechanical alloying on the development of Ni–Al–Ti–Mn–Co–Fe–Cr high entropy alloys (HEAs) utilizing the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method is the main goal of this study. A bulk sample was fabricated using SPS after the alloys were mixed for 12 h. Thermodynamic simulation, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nanoindentation, and microhardness were used to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-mixed powders. The master alloy was made of NiAl and was subsequently alloyed with Ti, Mn, Co, Fe, and Cr at different compositions to develop HEAs at a sintering temperature of 850 °C, a heating rate of 100 °C/min, a pressure of 50 MPa, and a dwelling time of 5 min. A uniform dispersion of the alloying material can be seen in the microstructure of the sintered HEAs with different weight elements. The grain size analysis shows that the Ni25Al25Ti8Mn8Co15Fe14Cr5 alloy exhibited a refined structure with a grain size of 2.36 ± 0.27 µm compared to a coarser grain size of 8.26 ± 0.43 μm attained by the NiAl master alloy. Similarly, the HEAs with the highest alloying content had a greater microstrain value of 0.0449 ± 0.0036, whereas the unalloyed NiAl had 0.00187 ± 0.0005. Maximum microhardness of 139 ± 0.8 HV, nanohardness of 18.8 ± 0.36 GPa, elastic modulus of 207.5 ± 1.65 GPa, elastic recovery (W e/W t) of 0.556 ± 0.035, elastic strain to failure (H/E r) of 0.09.06 ± 0.0027, yield pressure (H 3/ $$E_{{\text{r}}}^{2}$$ E r 2 ) of 0.154 ± 0.0055 GPa, and the least plasticity index (W p/W t) of 0.444 ± 0.039 were attained by Ni25Al25Ti8Mn8Co15Fe14Cr5. A steady movement to the left may be seen in the load–displacement curve. Increased resistance to indentation by the developed HEAs was made possible by the increase in alloying metals, which ultimately led to higher nanohardness and elastic modulus.https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-023-03889-3Nickel aluminideHigh entropy alloyPhase formationCrystal structureNanoindentationMicrostructure |
| spellingShingle | Emmanuel Olorundaisi Bukola J. Babalola Moipone L. Teffo Ufoma S. Anamu Peter A. Olubambi Juwon Fayomi Anthony O. Ogunmefun Phase prediction, microstructure, and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered Ni–Al–Ti–Mn–Co–Fe–Cr high entropy alloys Discover Nano Nickel aluminide High entropy alloy Phase formation Crystal structure Nanoindentation Microstructure |
| title | Phase prediction, microstructure, and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered Ni–Al–Ti–Mn–Co–Fe–Cr high entropy alloys |
| title_full | Phase prediction, microstructure, and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered Ni–Al–Ti–Mn–Co–Fe–Cr high entropy alloys |
| title_fullStr | Phase prediction, microstructure, and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered Ni–Al–Ti–Mn–Co–Fe–Cr high entropy alloys |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phase prediction, microstructure, and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered Ni–Al–Ti–Mn–Co–Fe–Cr high entropy alloys |
| title_short | Phase prediction, microstructure, and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered Ni–Al–Ti–Mn–Co–Fe–Cr high entropy alloys |
| title_sort | phase prediction microstructure and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered ni al ti mn co fe cr high entropy alloys |
| topic | Nickel aluminide High entropy alloy Phase formation Crystal structure Nanoindentation Microstructure |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-023-03889-3 |
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