Analysis of Free Sugars, Organic Acids, and Fatty Acids of Wood Apple (<i>Limonia acidissima</i> L.) Fruit Pulp
Wood apple (<i>Limonia acidissima</i> L.) is an underutilized, fruit-yielding tree that is native to India and Sri Lanka. Wood apple trees are also cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Kampuchea, Laos, and Indonesia for delicious fruits and me...
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Horticulturae |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/1/67 |
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| author | Shrinivas Lamani Konerira Aiyappa Anu-Appaiah Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy Yaser Hassan Dewir Jesamine J. Rikisahedew |
| author_facet | Shrinivas Lamani Konerira Aiyappa Anu-Appaiah Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy Yaser Hassan Dewir Jesamine J. Rikisahedew |
| author_sort | Shrinivas Lamani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Wood apple (<i>Limonia acidissima</i> L.) is an underutilized, fruit-yielding tree that is native to India and Sri Lanka. Wood apple trees are also cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Kampuchea, Laos, and Indonesia for delicious fruits and medicinal purposes. The major objective of the present work was the analysis of the nutritional status of wood apple fruit pulp.The fruits are rich in total carbohydrates (24.74 ± 0.19%), total proteins (9.30 ± 0.16%), oil (0.99 ± 0.01%), fiber (3.32 ± 0.02%), and ash (2.73 ± 0.12%). Further analysis and quantification of free sugars, organic acids, and fatty acid methyl esters were carried out by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatographic (GC) methods. In total, five sugars and nine organic acids were detected and quantified. The predominant sugars were fructose (16.40 ± 0.23%) and glucose (14.23 ± 0.10%), whereas the predominant organic acids were D-tartaric (4.01 ± 0.03%), ascorbic (4.51 ± 0.05%), and citric acid (4.27 ± 0.04%). The oil content of fruit pulp was 0.99 ± 0.01% and GC-MS analysis revealed that, it comprise of 16 fatty acid methyl esters. The percentage of saturated fatty acids were 32.17 ± 0.35%, that includes palmitic (18.52 ± 0.12%) and stearic acids (9.02 ± 0.08%), whereas, the unsaturated fatty acids were 51.98 ± 0.94%, including oleic acid (23.89 ± 0.06%), α-linolenic acid (16.55 ± 0.26%), linoleic acid (10.02 ± 0.43%), and vaccenic acid (1.78 ± 0.23%). |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:22:24Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
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| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj.art-db9a173e22014d71b7d55c58dab5dccc2023-11-23T13:58:05ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242022-01-01816710.3390/horticulturae8010067Analysis of Free Sugars, Organic Acids, and Fatty Acids of Wood Apple (<i>Limonia acidissima</i> L.) Fruit PulpShrinivas Lamani0Konerira Aiyappa Anu-Appaiah1Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy2Yaser Hassan Dewir3Jesamine J. Rikisahedew4Department of Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, Karnataka, IndiaDepartment of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, IndiaDepartment of Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, Karnataka, IndiaPlant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaInstitute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, EstoniaWood apple (<i>Limonia acidissima</i> L.) is an underutilized, fruit-yielding tree that is native to India and Sri Lanka. Wood apple trees are also cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Kampuchea, Laos, and Indonesia for delicious fruits and medicinal purposes. The major objective of the present work was the analysis of the nutritional status of wood apple fruit pulp.The fruits are rich in total carbohydrates (24.74 ± 0.19%), total proteins (9.30 ± 0.16%), oil (0.99 ± 0.01%), fiber (3.32 ± 0.02%), and ash (2.73 ± 0.12%). Further analysis and quantification of free sugars, organic acids, and fatty acid methyl esters were carried out by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatographic (GC) methods. In total, five sugars and nine organic acids were detected and quantified. The predominant sugars were fructose (16.40 ± 0.23%) and glucose (14.23 ± 0.10%), whereas the predominant organic acids were D-tartaric (4.01 ± 0.03%), ascorbic (4.51 ± 0.05%), and citric acid (4.27 ± 0.04%). The oil content of fruit pulp was 0.99 ± 0.01% and GC-MS analysis revealed that, it comprise of 16 fatty acid methyl esters. The percentage of saturated fatty acids were 32.17 ± 0.35%, that includes palmitic (18.52 ± 0.12%) and stearic acids (9.02 ± 0.08%), whereas, the unsaturated fatty acids were 51.98 ± 0.94%, including oleic acid (23.89 ± 0.06%), α-linolenic acid (16.55 ± 0.26%), linoleic acid (10.02 ± 0.43%), and vaccenic acid (1.78 ± 0.23%).https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/1/67fatty acidsfree sugarsGC-MSHPLCorganic acidsUPLC |
| spellingShingle | Shrinivas Lamani Konerira Aiyappa Anu-Appaiah Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy Yaser Hassan Dewir Jesamine J. Rikisahedew Analysis of Free Sugars, Organic Acids, and Fatty Acids of Wood Apple (<i>Limonia acidissima</i> L.) Fruit Pulp Horticulturae fatty acids free sugars GC-MS HPLC organic acids UPLC |
| title | Analysis of Free Sugars, Organic Acids, and Fatty Acids of Wood Apple (<i>Limonia acidissima</i> L.) Fruit Pulp |
| title_full | Analysis of Free Sugars, Organic Acids, and Fatty Acids of Wood Apple (<i>Limonia acidissima</i> L.) Fruit Pulp |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Free Sugars, Organic Acids, and Fatty Acids of Wood Apple (<i>Limonia acidissima</i> L.) Fruit Pulp |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Free Sugars, Organic Acids, and Fatty Acids of Wood Apple (<i>Limonia acidissima</i> L.) Fruit Pulp |
| title_short | Analysis of Free Sugars, Organic Acids, and Fatty Acids of Wood Apple (<i>Limonia acidissima</i> L.) Fruit Pulp |
| title_sort | analysis of free sugars organic acids and fatty acids of wood apple i limonia acidissima i l fruit pulp |
| topic | fatty acids free sugars GC-MS HPLC organic acids UPLC |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/1/67 |
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