Exacerbation of ischemic brain injury in hypercholesterolemic mice is associated with pronounced changes in peripheral and cerebral immune responses
Inflammation contributes to ischemic brain injury. However, translation of experimental findings from animal models into clinical trials is still ineffective, since the majority of human stroke studies mainly focus on acute neuroprotection, thereby neglecting inflammatory mechanisms and inflammation...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2014-02-01
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| Series: | Neurobiology of Disease |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996113002970 |
| _version_ | 1818649048305893376 |
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| author | Josephine Herz Sabine I. Hagen Eileen Bergmüller Pascal Sabellek Joachim R. Göthert Jan Buer Wiebke Hansen Dirk M. Hermann Thorsten R. Doeppner |
| author_facet | Josephine Herz Sabine I. Hagen Eileen Bergmüller Pascal Sabellek Joachim R. Göthert Jan Buer Wiebke Hansen Dirk M. Hermann Thorsten R. Doeppner |
| author_sort | Josephine Herz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Inflammation contributes to ischemic brain injury. However, translation of experimental findings from animal models into clinical trials is still ineffective, since the majority of human stroke studies mainly focus on acute neuroprotection, thereby neglecting inflammatory mechanisms and inflammation-associated co-morbidity factors such as hypercholesterolemia.Therefore, both wildtype and ApoE−/− mice that exhibit increased serum plasma cholesterol levels fed with normal or high cholesterol diet were exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Analysis of peripheral immune responses revealed an ischemia-induced acute leukocytosis in the blood, which was accompanied by enhanced myeloid cell and specifically granulocyte cell counts in the spleen and blood of ApoE−/− mice fed with Western diet. These cellular immune changes were further associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, endogenous stroke-induced endothelial activation as well as CXCL-1 and CXCL-2 expression were increased, thus resulting in accelerated leukocyte, particularly granulocyte accumulation, and enhanced ischemic tissue damage. The latter was revealed by larger infarct volumes and increased local DNA fragmentation in ischemic brains of ApoE−/− mice on Western diet. These effects were not observed in wildtype mice on normal or Western diet and in ApoE−/− mice on normal diet. Our data demonstrate that the combination of both ApoE knockout and a high cholesterol diet leads to increased ischemia-induced peripheral and cerebral immune responses, which go along with enhanced cerebral tissue injury. Thus, clinically predisposing conditions related to peripheral inflammation such as hypercholesterolemia should be included in up-coming preclinical stroke research. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T01:28:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-db9bbacf5b8c4ae0ae8e1127c04f4215 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1095-953X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T01:28:07Z |
| publishDate | 2014-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Neurobiology of Disease |
| spelling | doaj.art-db9bbacf5b8c4ae0ae8e1127c04f42152022-12-21T22:08:40ZengElsevierNeurobiology of Disease1095-953X2014-02-0162456468Exacerbation of ischemic brain injury in hypercholesterolemic mice is associated with pronounced changes in peripheral and cerebral immune responsesJosephine Herz0Sabine I. Hagen1Eileen Bergmüller2Pascal Sabellek3Joachim R. Göthert4Jan Buer5Wiebke Hansen6Dirk M. Hermann7Thorsten R. Doeppner8Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Hematology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, GermanyDepartment of Hematology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, GermanyDepartment of Hematology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, GermanyDepartment of Hematology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, GermanyInstitute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, GermanyDepartment of Paediatrics I, Neonatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, GermanyDepartment of Paediatrics I, Neonatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, GermanyDepartment of Hematology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, GermanyDepartment of Hematology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany; Corresponding author at: Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany. Fax: +49 201 723 1660.Inflammation contributes to ischemic brain injury. However, translation of experimental findings from animal models into clinical trials is still ineffective, since the majority of human stroke studies mainly focus on acute neuroprotection, thereby neglecting inflammatory mechanisms and inflammation-associated co-morbidity factors such as hypercholesterolemia.Therefore, both wildtype and ApoE−/− mice that exhibit increased serum plasma cholesterol levels fed with normal or high cholesterol diet were exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Analysis of peripheral immune responses revealed an ischemia-induced acute leukocytosis in the blood, which was accompanied by enhanced myeloid cell and specifically granulocyte cell counts in the spleen and blood of ApoE−/− mice fed with Western diet. These cellular immune changes were further associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, endogenous stroke-induced endothelial activation as well as CXCL-1 and CXCL-2 expression were increased, thus resulting in accelerated leukocyte, particularly granulocyte accumulation, and enhanced ischemic tissue damage. The latter was revealed by larger infarct volumes and increased local DNA fragmentation in ischemic brains of ApoE−/− mice on Western diet. These effects were not observed in wildtype mice on normal or Western diet and in ApoE−/− mice on normal diet. Our data demonstrate that the combination of both ApoE knockout and a high cholesterol diet leads to increased ischemia-induced peripheral and cerebral immune responses, which go along with enhanced cerebral tissue injury. Thus, clinically predisposing conditions related to peripheral inflammation such as hypercholesterolemia should be included in up-coming preclinical stroke research.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996113002970Cerebral ischemiaHypercholesterolemiaNeuroinflammation |
| spellingShingle | Josephine Herz Sabine I. Hagen Eileen Bergmüller Pascal Sabellek Joachim R. Göthert Jan Buer Wiebke Hansen Dirk M. Hermann Thorsten R. Doeppner Exacerbation of ischemic brain injury in hypercholesterolemic mice is associated with pronounced changes in peripheral and cerebral immune responses Neurobiology of Disease Cerebral ischemia Hypercholesterolemia Neuroinflammation |
| title | Exacerbation of ischemic brain injury in hypercholesterolemic mice is associated with pronounced changes in peripheral and cerebral immune responses |
| title_full | Exacerbation of ischemic brain injury in hypercholesterolemic mice is associated with pronounced changes in peripheral and cerebral immune responses |
| title_fullStr | Exacerbation of ischemic brain injury in hypercholesterolemic mice is associated with pronounced changes in peripheral and cerebral immune responses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exacerbation of ischemic brain injury in hypercholesterolemic mice is associated with pronounced changes in peripheral and cerebral immune responses |
| title_short | Exacerbation of ischemic brain injury in hypercholesterolemic mice is associated with pronounced changes in peripheral and cerebral immune responses |
| title_sort | exacerbation of ischemic brain injury in hypercholesterolemic mice is associated with pronounced changes in peripheral and cerebral immune responses |
| topic | Cerebral ischemia Hypercholesterolemia Neuroinflammation |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996113002970 |
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