The Endogenous Opioid System in Schizophrenia and Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia: Increased Plasma Endomorphin 2, and κ and μ Opioid Receptors Are Associated with Interleukin-6

The Endogenous Opioid System in Schizophrenia and Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia: Increased Plasma Endomorphin 2, and κ and μ Opioid Receptors Are Associated with Interleukin-6

Background: activation of the immune-inflammatory response system (IRS) and the compensatory immune-regulatory system (CIRS) plays a key role in schizophrenia (SCZ) and treatment resistant SCZ. There are only a few data on immune and endogenous opioid system (EOS) interactions in SCZ and treatment r...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Shatha Rouf Moustafa, Khalid F. Al-Rawi, Drozdstoi Stoyanov, Arafat Hussein Al-Dujaili, Thitiporn Supasitthumrong, Hussein Kadhem Al-Hakeim, Michael Maes
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2020-08-01
Series:Diagnostics
Subjects:
inflammation
schizophrenia
treatment resistance
neurocognition
neuroimmunomodulation
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/9/633

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