Controlling disinfection byproducts from treated wastewater using adsorption with granular activated carbon: Impact of pre-ozonation and pre-chlorination
This study measured chlorine- and chloramine-reactive precursors using formation potential (FP) tests of nine U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulated and 57 unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in tertiary-filtered wastewater before and after pilot-scale granular activated carbon...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Water Research X |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589914720300281 |
| _version_ | 1818392714123673600 |
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| author | Edgard M. Verdugo Mac Gifford Caitlin Glover Amy A. Cuthbertson Rebecca A. Trenholm Susana Y. Kimura Hannah K. Liberatore Susan D. Richardson Benjamin D. Stanford R. Scott Summers Eric R.V. Dickenson |
| author_facet | Edgard M. Verdugo Mac Gifford Caitlin Glover Amy A. Cuthbertson Rebecca A. Trenholm Susana Y. Kimura Hannah K. Liberatore Susan D. Richardson Benjamin D. Stanford R. Scott Summers Eric R.V. Dickenson |
| author_sort | Edgard M. Verdugo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study measured chlorine- and chloramine-reactive precursors using formation potential (FP) tests of nine U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulated and 57 unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in tertiary-filtered wastewater before and after pilot-scale granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption. Using breakthrough of precursor concentration and of concentration associated calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity (by correlating known lethal concentrations reported elsewhere), the performance of three parallel GAC treatment trains were compared against tertiary-filtered wastewater: ozone/GAC, chlorine/GAC, and GAC alone. Results show GAC alone was the primary process, versus ozone or chlorine alone, to remove the largest fraction of total chlorine- and chloramine-reactive DBP precursors and calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity potencies. GAC with pre-ozonation removed the most chlorine- and chloramine-reactive DBP precursors followed by GAC with pre-chlorination and lastly GAC without pre-treatment. GAC with pre-ozonation produced an effluent with cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of DBPs from FP that generally matched that of GAC without pre-oxidation; meanwhile removal of toxicity was greater by GAC with pre-chlorination. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of DBPs from FP tests did not scale with DBP concentration; for example, more than 90% of the calculated cytotoxicity resulted from 20% of the DBPs, principally from haloacetaldehydes, haloacetamides, and haloacetonitriles. The calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity from DBPs associated with FP-chloramination were at times higher than with FP-chlorination though the concentration of DBPs was five times higher with FP-chlorination. The removal of DBP precursors using GAC based treatment was at least as effective as removal of DOC (except for halonitromethanes for GAC without pre-oxidation and with pre-chlorination), indicating DOC can be used as an indicator for DBP precursor adsorption efficacy. However, the DOC was not a good surrogate for total cytotoxicity and genotoxicity breakthrough behavior, therefore, unregulated DBPs could have negative health implications that are disconnected from general water quality parameters, such as DOC, and regulated classes of DBPs. Instead, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity correlate with the concentration of specific classes of unregulated DBPs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T05:33:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dba128418bb04657a5433f680b1eb1b7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2589-9147 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T05:33:48Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water Research X |
| spelling | doaj.art-dba128418bb04657a5433f680b1eb1b72022-12-21T23:15:16ZengElsevierWater Research X2589-91472020-12-019100068Controlling disinfection byproducts from treated wastewater using adsorption with granular activated carbon: Impact of pre-ozonation and pre-chlorinationEdgard M. Verdugo0Mac Gifford1Caitlin Glover2Amy A. Cuthbertson3Rebecca A. Trenholm4Susana Y. Kimura5Hannah K. Liberatore6Susan D. Richardson7Benjamin D. Stanford8R. Scott Summers9Eric R.V. Dickenson10Water Quality Research and Development, Southern Nevada Water Authority, 1299, Burkholder Blvd., Henderson, United StatesWater Quality Research and Development, Southern Nevada Water Authority, 1299, Burkholder Blvd., Henderson, United StatesWater Quality Research and Development, Southern Nevada Water Authority, 1299, Burkholder Blvd., Henderson, United StatesDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United StatesWater Quality Research and Development, Southern Nevada Water Authority, 1299, Burkholder Blvd., Henderson, United StatesDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, CanadaDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, United States; Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United StatesDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, United StatesHazen and Sawyer, 143 Union Blvd., Suite 200, Lakewood, CO, 80228, United StatesDepartment of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Campus Box 428, Boulder, CO, 80309, United StatesWater Quality Research and Development, Southern Nevada Water Authority, 1299, Burkholder Blvd., Henderson, United States; Corresponding author. Mail: P.O Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, United States.This study measured chlorine- and chloramine-reactive precursors using formation potential (FP) tests of nine U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulated and 57 unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in tertiary-filtered wastewater before and after pilot-scale granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption. Using breakthrough of precursor concentration and of concentration associated calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity (by correlating known lethal concentrations reported elsewhere), the performance of three parallel GAC treatment trains were compared against tertiary-filtered wastewater: ozone/GAC, chlorine/GAC, and GAC alone. Results show GAC alone was the primary process, versus ozone or chlorine alone, to remove the largest fraction of total chlorine- and chloramine-reactive DBP precursors and calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity potencies. GAC with pre-ozonation removed the most chlorine- and chloramine-reactive DBP precursors followed by GAC with pre-chlorination and lastly GAC without pre-treatment. GAC with pre-ozonation produced an effluent with cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of DBPs from FP that generally matched that of GAC without pre-oxidation; meanwhile removal of toxicity was greater by GAC with pre-chlorination. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of DBPs from FP tests did not scale with DBP concentration; for example, more than 90% of the calculated cytotoxicity resulted from 20% of the DBPs, principally from haloacetaldehydes, haloacetamides, and haloacetonitriles. The calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity from DBPs associated with FP-chloramination were at times higher than with FP-chlorination though the concentration of DBPs was five times higher with FP-chlorination. The removal of DBP precursors using GAC based treatment was at least as effective as removal of DOC (except for halonitromethanes for GAC without pre-oxidation and with pre-chlorination), indicating DOC can be used as an indicator for DBP precursor adsorption efficacy. However, the DOC was not a good surrogate for total cytotoxicity and genotoxicity breakthrough behavior, therefore, unregulated DBPs could have negative health implications that are disconnected from general water quality parameters, such as DOC, and regulated classes of DBPs. Instead, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity correlate with the concentration of specific classes of unregulated DBPs.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589914720300281Granular activated carbon adsorptionChlorine and chloramine disinfection byproductsPotable reusePreoxidationCytotoxicityGenotoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Edgard M. Verdugo Mac Gifford Caitlin Glover Amy A. Cuthbertson Rebecca A. Trenholm Susana Y. Kimura Hannah K. Liberatore Susan D. Richardson Benjamin D. Stanford R. Scott Summers Eric R.V. Dickenson Controlling disinfection byproducts from treated wastewater using adsorption with granular activated carbon: Impact of pre-ozonation and pre-chlorination Water Research X Granular activated carbon adsorption Chlorine and chloramine disinfection byproducts Potable reuse Preoxidation Cytotoxicity Genotoxicity |
| title | Controlling disinfection byproducts from treated wastewater using adsorption with granular activated carbon: Impact of pre-ozonation and pre-chlorination |
| title_full | Controlling disinfection byproducts from treated wastewater using adsorption with granular activated carbon: Impact of pre-ozonation and pre-chlorination |
| title_fullStr | Controlling disinfection byproducts from treated wastewater using adsorption with granular activated carbon: Impact of pre-ozonation and pre-chlorination |
| title_full_unstemmed | Controlling disinfection byproducts from treated wastewater using adsorption with granular activated carbon: Impact of pre-ozonation and pre-chlorination |
| title_short | Controlling disinfection byproducts from treated wastewater using adsorption with granular activated carbon: Impact of pre-ozonation and pre-chlorination |
| title_sort | controlling disinfection byproducts from treated wastewater using adsorption with granular activated carbon impact of pre ozonation and pre chlorination |
| topic | Granular activated carbon adsorption Chlorine and chloramine disinfection byproducts Potable reuse Preoxidation Cytotoxicity Genotoxicity |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589914720300281 |
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