Timing the r-process Enrichment of the Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Reticulum II
The ultra-faint dwarf galaxy Reticulum II (Ret II) exhibits a unique chemical evolution history, with ${72}_{-12}^{+10}$ % of its stars strongly enhanced in r -process elements. We present deep Hubble Space Telescope photometry of Ret II and analyze its star formation history. As in other ultra-fain...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aca9d1 |
| _version_ | 1797702110211473408 |
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| author | Joshua D. Simon Thomas M. Brown Burçin Mutlu-Pakdil Alexander P. Ji Alex Drlica-Wagner Roberto J. Avila Clara E. Martínez-Vázquez Ting S. Li Eduardo Balbinot Keith Bechtol Anna Frebel Marla Geha Terese T. Hansen David J. James Andrew B. Pace M. Aguena O. Alves F. Andrade-Oliveira J. Annis D. Bacon E. Bertin D. Brooks D. L. Burke A. Carnero Rosell M. Carrasco Kind J. Carretero M. Costanzi L. N. da Costa J. De Vicente S. Desai P. Doel S. Everett I. Ferrero J. Frieman J. García-Bellido M. Gatti D. W. Gerdes D. Gruen R. A. Gruendl J. Gschwend G. Gutierrez S. R. Hinton D. L. Hollowood K. Honscheid K. Kuehn N. Kuropatkin J. L. Marshall J. Mena-Fernández R. Miquel A. Palmese F. Paz-Chinchón M. E. S. Pereira A. Pieres A. A. Plazas Malagón M. Raveri M. Rodriguez-Monroy E. Sanchez B. Santiago V. Scarpine I. Sevilla-Noarbe M. Smith E. Suchyta M. E. C. Swanson G. Tarle C. To M. Vincenzi N. Weaverdyck R. D. Wilkinson |
| author_facet | Joshua D. Simon Thomas M. Brown Burçin Mutlu-Pakdil Alexander P. Ji Alex Drlica-Wagner Roberto J. Avila Clara E. Martínez-Vázquez Ting S. Li Eduardo Balbinot Keith Bechtol Anna Frebel Marla Geha Terese T. Hansen David J. James Andrew B. Pace M. Aguena O. Alves F. Andrade-Oliveira J. Annis D. Bacon E. Bertin D. Brooks D. L. Burke A. Carnero Rosell M. Carrasco Kind J. Carretero M. Costanzi L. N. da Costa J. De Vicente S. Desai P. Doel S. Everett I. Ferrero J. Frieman J. García-Bellido M. Gatti D. W. Gerdes D. Gruen R. A. Gruendl J. Gschwend G. Gutierrez S. R. Hinton D. L. Hollowood K. Honscheid K. Kuehn N. Kuropatkin J. L. Marshall J. Mena-Fernández R. Miquel A. Palmese F. Paz-Chinchón M. E. S. Pereira A. Pieres A. A. Plazas Malagón M. Raveri M. Rodriguez-Monroy E. Sanchez B. Santiago V. Scarpine I. Sevilla-Noarbe M. Smith E. Suchyta M. E. C. Swanson G. Tarle C. To M. Vincenzi N. Weaverdyck R. D. Wilkinson |
| author_sort | Joshua D. Simon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The ultra-faint dwarf galaxy Reticulum II (Ret II) exhibits a unique chemical evolution history, with ${72}_{-12}^{+10}$ % of its stars strongly enhanced in r -process elements. We present deep Hubble Space Telescope photometry of Ret II and analyze its star formation history. As in other ultra-faint dwarfs, the color–magnitude diagram is best fit by a model consisting of two bursts of star formation. If we assume that the bursts were instantaneous, then the older burst occurred around the epoch of reionization, forming ∼80% of the stars in the galaxy, while the remainder of the stars formed ∼3 Gyr later. When the bursts are allowed to have nonzero durations, we obtain slightly better fits. The best-fitting model in this case consists of two bursts beginning before reionization, with approximately half the stars formed in a short (100 Myr) burst and the other half in a more extended period lasting 2.6 Gyr. Considering the full set of viable star formation history models, we find that 28% of the stars formed within 500 ± 200 Myr of the onset of star formation. The combination of the star formation history and the prevalence of r -process-enhanced stars demonstrates that the r -process elements in Ret II must have been synthesized early in its initial star-forming phase. We therefore constrain the delay time between the formation of the first stars in Ret II and the r -process nucleosynthesis to be less than 500 Myr. This measurement rules out an r -process source with a delay time of several Gyr or more, such as GW170817. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T04:45:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dbc6ac7f8802402a8f17fb3f21479413 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T04:45:26Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-dbc6ac7f8802402a8f17fb3f214794132023-09-03T09:29:27ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572023-01-0194414310.3847/1538-4357/aca9d1Timing the r-process Enrichment of the Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Reticulum IIJoshua D. Simon0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4733-4994Thomas M. Brown1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1793-9968Burçin Mutlu-Pakdil2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9649-4815Alexander P. Ji3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4863-8842Alex Drlica-Wagner4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8251-933XRoberto J. Avila5Clara E. Martínez-Vázquez6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9144-7726Ting S. Li7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9110-6163Eduardo Balbinot8Keith Bechtol9https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-0429Anna Frebel10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2139-7145Marla Geha11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7007-9725Terese T. Hansen12https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6154-8983David J. James13Andrew B. Pace14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6021-8760M. Aguena15https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5679-6747O. Alves16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7394-9466F. Andrade-Oliveira17J. Annis18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-3987D. Bacon19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2562-8537E. Bertin20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3602-3664D. Brooks21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8458-5047D. L. Burke22https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1866-1950A. Carnero Rosell23https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3044-5150M. Carrasco Kind24https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4802-3194J. Carretero25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3130-0204M. Costanzi26https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-1449L. N. da Costa27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7731-277XJ. De Vicente28https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8318-6813S. Desai29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0466-3288P. Doel30S. Everett31I. Ferrero32https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1295-1132J. Frieman33J. García-Bellido34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9370-8360M. Gatti35D. W. Gerdes36https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6942-2736D. Gruen37https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3270-7644R. A. Gruendl38https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4588-6517J. Gschwend39https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3023-8362G. Gutierrez40S. R. Hinton41https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2071-9349D. L. Hollowood42https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-4157K. Honscheid43K. Kuehn44https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0120-0808N. Kuropatkin45https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2511-0946J. L. Marshall46https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0710-9474J. Mena-Fernández47https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9497-7266R. Miquel48https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6610-4836A. Palmese49F. Paz-Chinchón50https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1339-2683M. E. S. Pereira51https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7131-7684A. Pieres52https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9186-6042A. A. Plazas Malagón53https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2598-0514M. Raveri54M. Rodriguez-Monroy55E. Sanchez56https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9646-8198B. Santiago57V. Scarpine58I. Sevilla-Noarbe59https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1831-1953M. Smith60https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3321-1432E. Suchyta61M. E. C. Swanson62https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1488-8552G. Tarle63https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1704-0781C. To64https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7836-2261M. Vincenzi65N. Weaverdyck66https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9382-5199R. D. Wilkinson67Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science , 813 Santa Barbara Steet, Pasadena, CA 91101, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAKavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College , 6127 Wilder Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, USAKavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USAKavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAGemini Observatory, NSF’s NOIRLaboratory , 670 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, CanadaKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USADepartment of Physics & Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics—Center for Evolution of the Elements , East Lansing, MI 48824, USADepartment of Astronomy, Yale University , 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USADepartment of Astronomy, Stockholm University , AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, SwedenCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMcWilliams Center for Cosmology, Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USALaboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia—LIneA , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, BrazilDepartment of Physics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USADepartment of Physics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAFermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USAInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, UKCNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris , F-75014 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris , F-75014 Paris, FranceDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UKKavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P.O. Box 2450, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, CA 94025, USALaboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia—LIneA , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias , E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Universidad de La Laguna , Dpto. Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainCenter for Astrophysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USAInstitut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) SpainAstronomy Unit, Department of Physics, University of Trieste , via Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste , via G.B. Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy; Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe , Via Beirut 2, I-34014 Trieste, ItalyLaboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia—LIneA , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, BrazilCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Physics, IIT Hyderabad , Kandi, Telangana 502285, IndiaDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UKJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USAInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, NorwayKavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USAInstituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Physics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAUniversity Observatory , Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, D-81679 Munich, GermanyCenter for Astrophysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USALaboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia—LIneA , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil; Observatório Nacional , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, BrazilFermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USASchool of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, AustraliaSanta Cruz Institute for Particle Physics , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USACenter for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USAAustralian Astronomical Optics, Macquarie University , North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia; Lowell Observatory , 1400 Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USAFermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USAGeorge P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843, USACentro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, SpainInstitut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , E-08010 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, 501 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USACenter for Astrophysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UKHamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg , Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, GermanyLaboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia—LIneA , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil; Observatório Nacional , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, BrazilDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USACentro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, SpainCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, SpainLaboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia—LIneA , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil; Instituto de Física, UFRGS , Caixa Postal 15051, Porto Alegre, RS—91501-970, BrazilFermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USACentro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, SpainSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UKComputer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USALawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Physics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USACenter for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USAInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, UK; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UKDepartment of Physics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex , Brighton, BN1 9QH, UKThe ultra-faint dwarf galaxy Reticulum II (Ret II) exhibits a unique chemical evolution history, with ${72}_{-12}^{+10}$ % of its stars strongly enhanced in r -process elements. We present deep Hubble Space Telescope photometry of Ret II and analyze its star formation history. As in other ultra-faint dwarfs, the color–magnitude diagram is best fit by a model consisting of two bursts of star formation. If we assume that the bursts were instantaneous, then the older burst occurred around the epoch of reionization, forming ∼80% of the stars in the galaxy, while the remainder of the stars formed ∼3 Gyr later. When the bursts are allowed to have nonzero durations, we obtain slightly better fits. The best-fitting model in this case consists of two bursts beginning before reionization, with approximately half the stars formed in a short (100 Myr) burst and the other half in a more extended period lasting 2.6 Gyr. Considering the full set of viable star formation history models, we find that 28% of the stars formed within 500 ± 200 Myr of the onset of star formation. The combination of the star formation history and the prevalence of r -process-enhanced stars demonstrates that the r -process elements in Ret II must have been synthesized early in its initial star-forming phase. We therefore constrain the delay time between the formation of the first stars in Ret II and the r -process nucleosynthesis to be less than 500 Myr. This measurement rules out an r -process source with a delay time of several Gyr or more, such as GW170817.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aca9d1Dwarf galaxiesLocal GroupStellar populationsGalaxy agesHST photometryNucleosynthesis |
| spellingShingle | Joshua D. Simon Thomas M. Brown Burçin Mutlu-Pakdil Alexander P. Ji Alex Drlica-Wagner Roberto J. Avila Clara E. Martínez-Vázquez Ting S. Li Eduardo Balbinot Keith Bechtol Anna Frebel Marla Geha Terese T. Hansen David J. James Andrew B. Pace M. Aguena O. Alves F. Andrade-Oliveira J. Annis D. Bacon E. Bertin D. Brooks D. L. Burke A. Carnero Rosell M. Carrasco Kind J. Carretero M. Costanzi L. N. da Costa J. De Vicente S. Desai P. Doel S. Everett I. Ferrero J. Frieman J. García-Bellido M. Gatti D. W. Gerdes D. Gruen R. A. Gruendl J. Gschwend G. Gutierrez S. R. Hinton D. L. Hollowood K. Honscheid K. Kuehn N. Kuropatkin J. L. Marshall J. Mena-Fernández R. Miquel A. Palmese F. Paz-Chinchón M. E. S. Pereira A. Pieres A. A. Plazas Malagón M. Raveri M. Rodriguez-Monroy E. Sanchez B. Santiago V. Scarpine I. Sevilla-Noarbe M. Smith E. Suchyta M. E. C. Swanson G. Tarle C. To M. Vincenzi N. Weaverdyck R. D. Wilkinson Timing the r-process Enrichment of the Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Reticulum II The Astrophysical Journal Dwarf galaxies Local Group Stellar populations Galaxy ages HST photometry Nucleosynthesis |
| title | Timing the r-process Enrichment of the Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Reticulum II |
| title_full | Timing the r-process Enrichment of the Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Reticulum II |
| title_fullStr | Timing the r-process Enrichment of the Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Reticulum II |
| title_full_unstemmed | Timing the r-process Enrichment of the Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Reticulum II |
| title_short | Timing the r-process Enrichment of the Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Reticulum II |
| title_sort | timing the r process enrichment of the ultra faint dwarf galaxy reticulum ii |
| topic | Dwarf galaxies Local Group Stellar populations Galaxy ages HST photometry Nucleosynthesis |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aca9d1 |
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