Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Iron Supplementation Alone, but Not in Combination, Lower Inflammation and Anemia of Infection in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>-Infected Mice
Progressive inflammation and anemia are common in tuberculosis (TB) and linked to poor clinical outcomes. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have inflammation-resolving properties, whereas iron supplementation in TB may have limited efficacy and enhance bacterial growth. We i...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-09-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/9/2897 |
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| author | Arista Nienaber Jeannine Baumgartner Robin C. Dolman Mumin Ozturk Lizelle Zandberg Frank E. A. Hayford Frank Brombacher Renee Blaauw Suraj P. Parihar Cornelius M. Smuts Linda Malan |
| author_facet | Arista Nienaber Jeannine Baumgartner Robin C. Dolman Mumin Ozturk Lizelle Zandberg Frank E. A. Hayford Frank Brombacher Renee Blaauw Suraj P. Parihar Cornelius M. Smuts Linda Malan |
| author_sort | Arista Nienaber |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Progressive inflammation and anemia are common in tuberculosis (TB) and linked to poor clinical outcomes. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have inflammation-resolving properties, whereas iron supplementation in TB may have limited efficacy and enhance bacterial growth. We investigated effects of iron and EPA/DHA supplementation, alone and in combination, on inflammation, anemia, iron status markers and clinical outcomes in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice. One week post-infection, mice received the AIN-93 diet without (control) or with supplemental iron (Fe), EPA/DHA, or Fe+EPA/DHA for 3 weeks. Mice supplemented with Fe or EPA/DHA had lower soluble transferrin receptor, ferritin and hepcidin than controls, but these effects were attenuated in Fe+EPA/DHA mice. EPA/DHA increased inflammation-resolving lipid mediators and lowered lung IL-1α, IFN-γ, plasma IL-1β, and TNF-α. Fe lowered lung IL-1α, IL-1β, plasma IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. However, the cytokine-lowering effects in the lungs were attenuated with Fe+EPA/DHA. Mice supplemented with EPA/DHA had lower lung bacterial loads than controls, but this effect was attenuated in Fe+EPA/DHA mice. Thus, individually, post-infection EPA/DHA and iron supplementation lowered systemic and lung inflammation and mitigated anemia of infection in TB, but not when combined. EPA/DHA also enhanced bactericidal effects and could support inflammation resolution and management of anemia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:09:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dc01abf9aa0e4ce996e14d067fb651e6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:09:09Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-dc01abf9aa0e4ce996e14d067fb651e62023-11-20T14:41:08ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432020-09-01129289710.3390/nu12092897Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Iron Supplementation Alone, but Not in Combination, Lower Inflammation and Anemia of Infection in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>-Infected MiceArista Nienaber0Jeannine Baumgartner1Robin C. Dolman2Mumin Ozturk3Lizelle Zandberg4Frank E. A. Hayford5Frank Brombacher6Renee Blaauw7Suraj P. Parihar8Cornelius M. Smuts9Linda Malan10Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South AfricaCentre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South AfricaCentre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South AfricaInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South AfricaCentre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South AfricaCentre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South AfricaInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South AfricaDivision of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South AfricaInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South AfricaCentre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South AfricaCentre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South AfricaProgressive inflammation and anemia are common in tuberculosis (TB) and linked to poor clinical outcomes. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have inflammation-resolving properties, whereas iron supplementation in TB may have limited efficacy and enhance bacterial growth. We investigated effects of iron and EPA/DHA supplementation, alone and in combination, on inflammation, anemia, iron status markers and clinical outcomes in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice. One week post-infection, mice received the AIN-93 diet without (control) or with supplemental iron (Fe), EPA/DHA, or Fe+EPA/DHA for 3 weeks. Mice supplemented with Fe or EPA/DHA had lower soluble transferrin receptor, ferritin and hepcidin than controls, but these effects were attenuated in Fe+EPA/DHA mice. EPA/DHA increased inflammation-resolving lipid mediators and lowered lung IL-1α, IFN-γ, plasma IL-1β, and TNF-α. Fe lowered lung IL-1α, IL-1β, plasma IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. However, the cytokine-lowering effects in the lungs were attenuated with Fe+EPA/DHA. Mice supplemented with EPA/DHA had lower lung bacterial loads than controls, but this effect was attenuated in Fe+EPA/DHA mice. Thus, individually, post-infection EPA/DHA and iron supplementation lowered systemic and lung inflammation and mitigated anemia of infection in TB, but not when combined. EPA/DHA also enhanced bactericidal effects and could support inflammation resolution and management of anemia.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/9/2897anemia of infectiondocosahexaenoic acideicosapentaenoic acidinflammationirontuberculosis |
| spellingShingle | Arista Nienaber Jeannine Baumgartner Robin C. Dolman Mumin Ozturk Lizelle Zandberg Frank E. A. Hayford Frank Brombacher Renee Blaauw Suraj P. Parihar Cornelius M. Smuts Linda Malan Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Iron Supplementation Alone, but Not in Combination, Lower Inflammation and Anemia of Infection in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>-Infected Mice Nutrients anemia of infection docosahexaenoic acid eicosapentaenoic acid inflammation iron tuberculosis |
| title | Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Iron Supplementation Alone, but Not in Combination, Lower Inflammation and Anemia of Infection in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>-Infected Mice |
| title_full | Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Iron Supplementation Alone, but Not in Combination, Lower Inflammation and Anemia of Infection in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>-Infected Mice |
| title_fullStr | Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Iron Supplementation Alone, but Not in Combination, Lower Inflammation and Anemia of Infection in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>-Infected Mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Iron Supplementation Alone, but Not in Combination, Lower Inflammation and Anemia of Infection in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>-Infected Mice |
| title_short | Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Iron Supplementation Alone, but Not in Combination, Lower Inflammation and Anemia of Infection in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>-Infected Mice |
| title_sort | omega 3 fatty acid and iron supplementation alone but not in combination lower inflammation and anemia of infection in i mycobacterium tuberculosis i infected mice |
| topic | anemia of infection docosahexaenoic acid eicosapentaenoic acid inflammation iron tuberculosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/9/2897 |
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