Proximate composition, functional properties and quantitative analysis of benzoyl peroxide and benzoic acid in wheat flour samples: effect on wheat flour quality
Background Extensive milling processes have deprived wheat flour from essential nutrients. The objective of the current study was to assess the nutritive quality of commercial wheat flour (soft flour (SF)) through analyses of proximate composition and functional properties as well as quantification...
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PeerJ Inc.
2020-03-01
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| author | Numrah Nisar Faiza Mustafa Arifa Tahir Rashad Qadri Yaodong Yang Muhammad Imran Khan Fuyou Wang |
| author_facet | Numrah Nisar Faiza Mustafa Arifa Tahir Rashad Qadri Yaodong Yang Muhammad Imran Khan Fuyou Wang |
| author_sort | Numrah Nisar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background Extensive milling processes have deprived wheat flour from essential nutrients. The objective of the current study was to assess the nutritive quality of commercial wheat flour (soft flour (SF)) through analyses of proximate composition and functional properties as well as quantification of benzoyl peroxide (BPO; added as bleaching agent in the SF) by comparing the results with whole wheat flour (WF; never received any additives). Methods The samples included commercial SF purchased from the local supplier of different flour mills (who use BPO as additive) and a control sample without additives was prepared by grinding the seeds harvested from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; Inqulab 91) crop grown in the experimental field of University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, under optimized field conditions without any fertilizers and insecticides. Functional properties (including bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, emulsifying activity, foaming capacity, least gelatinization concentration and gelatinization temperature) and proximate composition (including moisture content, ash contents, crude protein, gluten and starch contents) were determined and compared for all the samples. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and Benzoic Acid (BA) quantification was performed through High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Finally dietary intake was estimated for BPO and BA. Results Results showed that SF had lesser fiber, protein and ash contents, whereas, higher damaged starch, fat, gluten and bulk density. A parallel experiment under selected conditions (temperature, time and solute concentration) showed dissociation of BPO into BA soon after the exposure. Observed BA range (13.77 mg/g after 16 h) in SF and exposure level assessment (44.3 ± 1.36 mg/kg/BW) showed higher intake of BA on the consumption of SF. The results revealed the superiority of WF over SF in nutritive qualities as well as free of toxicants such as BA. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:53:37Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-dc0b37663b744bcaa222f0049f3e09d22023-12-03T10:15:45ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592020-03-018e878810.7717/peerj.8788Proximate composition, functional properties and quantitative analysis of benzoyl peroxide and benzoic acid in wheat flour samples: effect on wheat flour qualityNumrah Nisar0Faiza Mustafa1Arifa Tahir2Rashad Qadri3Yaodong Yang4Muhammad Imran Khan5Fuyou Wang6Department of Environmental Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, PakistanDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, PakistanDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, PakistanInstitute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, PakistanHainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology/Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Wenchang, Hainan, ChinaInstitute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faislabad, Punjab, PakistanHainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology/Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Wenchang, Hainan, ChinaBackground Extensive milling processes have deprived wheat flour from essential nutrients. The objective of the current study was to assess the nutritive quality of commercial wheat flour (soft flour (SF)) through analyses of proximate composition and functional properties as well as quantification of benzoyl peroxide (BPO; added as bleaching agent in the SF) by comparing the results with whole wheat flour (WF; never received any additives). Methods The samples included commercial SF purchased from the local supplier of different flour mills (who use BPO as additive) and a control sample without additives was prepared by grinding the seeds harvested from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; Inqulab 91) crop grown in the experimental field of University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, under optimized field conditions without any fertilizers and insecticides. Functional properties (including bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, emulsifying activity, foaming capacity, least gelatinization concentration and gelatinization temperature) and proximate composition (including moisture content, ash contents, crude protein, gluten and starch contents) were determined and compared for all the samples. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and Benzoic Acid (BA) quantification was performed through High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Finally dietary intake was estimated for BPO and BA. Results Results showed that SF had lesser fiber, protein and ash contents, whereas, higher damaged starch, fat, gluten and bulk density. A parallel experiment under selected conditions (temperature, time and solute concentration) showed dissociation of BPO into BA soon after the exposure. Observed BA range (13.77 mg/g after 16 h) in SF and exposure level assessment (44.3 ± 1.36 mg/kg/BW) showed higher intake of BA on the consumption of SF. The results revealed the superiority of WF over SF in nutritive qualities as well as free of toxicants such as BA.https://peerj.com/articles/8788.pdfBenzoyl peroxideBenzoic acidSoft flourWhole wheat flourHigh performanceLiquid chromatography |
| spellingShingle | Numrah Nisar Faiza Mustafa Arifa Tahir Rashad Qadri Yaodong Yang Muhammad Imran Khan Fuyou Wang Proximate composition, functional properties and quantitative analysis of benzoyl peroxide and benzoic acid in wheat flour samples: effect on wheat flour quality PeerJ Benzoyl peroxide Benzoic acid Soft flour Whole wheat flour High performance Liquid chromatography |
| title | Proximate composition, functional properties and quantitative analysis of benzoyl peroxide and benzoic acid in wheat flour samples: effect on wheat flour quality |
| title_full | Proximate composition, functional properties and quantitative analysis of benzoyl peroxide and benzoic acid in wheat flour samples: effect on wheat flour quality |
| title_fullStr | Proximate composition, functional properties and quantitative analysis of benzoyl peroxide and benzoic acid in wheat flour samples: effect on wheat flour quality |
| title_full_unstemmed | Proximate composition, functional properties and quantitative analysis of benzoyl peroxide and benzoic acid in wheat flour samples: effect on wheat flour quality |
| title_short | Proximate composition, functional properties and quantitative analysis of benzoyl peroxide and benzoic acid in wheat flour samples: effect on wheat flour quality |
| title_sort | proximate composition functional properties and quantitative analysis of benzoyl peroxide and benzoic acid in wheat flour samples effect on wheat flour quality |
| topic | Benzoyl peroxide Benzoic acid Soft flour Whole wheat flour High performance Liquid chromatography |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/8788.pdf |
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