The acute effects of pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on the immunoregulatory stress hormone release in experienced endurance athletes—a systematic review
BackgroundIn times of physical stress, the body orchestrates a multisystemic regulatory response. The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine play a role in the immediate regulation chain, while cortisol is involved in delayed regulation. The release of those stress hormones in response to exercise...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-01-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Sports and Active Living |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2024.1264814/full |
| _version_ | 1797336068511498240 |
|---|---|
| author | Tabea Christ Miriam Ringleb Miriam Ringleb Miriam Ringleb Simon Haunhorst Simon Haunhorst Lena Fennen Paul M. Jordan Heiko Wagner Christian Puta Christian Puta Christian Puta |
| author_facet | Tabea Christ Miriam Ringleb Miriam Ringleb Miriam Ringleb Simon Haunhorst Simon Haunhorst Lena Fennen Paul M. Jordan Heiko Wagner Christian Puta Christian Puta Christian Puta |
| author_sort | Tabea Christ |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundIn times of physical stress, the body orchestrates a multisystemic regulatory response. The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine play a role in the immediate regulation chain, while cortisol is involved in delayed regulation. The release of those stress hormones in response to exercise has previously been reported to elicit diverse immune reactions.ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review was to examine and present the acute effects of immediate pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in experienced endurance athletes.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science in accordance with PRISMA guidelines up to February 2023. Randomized controlled trials in English or German language were included if baseline and at least two follow-up measures of blood plasma or serum of chosen stress hormones (cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine) were collected in response to prolonged continuous endurance activity. Eligibility furthermore required an acute carbohydrate ingestion of at least 30 g of carbohydrates per hour no more than 30 min before start of the exercise, as well as a placebo-controlled study design.ResultsEleven studies of moderate to high quality were included in this review. Carbohydrate ingestion of at least 30 g per hour was able to attenuate rises in cortisol concentration in majority of the included studies. Epinephrine levels were considerably lower with ingestion of carbohydrates compared to placebo in all studies. Norepinephrine concentrations were largely unaffected by acute carbohydrate feeding.ConclusionPre- and mid-exercise ingestion of carbohydrates seems an effective dietary strategy to attenuate rises in cortisol and epinephrine levels and, thus, an effective countermeasure for endurance exercise-induced increases in stress hormone levels. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T08:48:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dc2d4cdcf92243129cf94b1a13e9e070 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2624-9367 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T08:48:48Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Sports and Active Living |
| spelling | doaj.art-dc2d4cdcf92243129cf94b1a13e9e0702024-02-01T14:10:10ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Sports and Active Living2624-93672024-01-01610.3389/fspor.2024.12648141264814The acute effects of pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on the immunoregulatory stress hormone release in experienced endurance athletes—a systematic reviewTabea Christ0Miriam Ringleb1Miriam Ringleb2Miriam Ringleb3Simon Haunhorst4Simon Haunhorst5Lena Fennen6Paul M. Jordan7Heiko Wagner8Christian Puta9Christian Puta10Christian Puta11Department of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, GermanyDepartment of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, GermanyDepartment of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, GermanyNeuroPsycho Immunology Research Unit, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, GermanyDepartment of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, GermanyCenter for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases Related to Professional Activities, Jena, GermanyDepartment of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, GermanyDepartment of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, GermanyDepartment of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, GermanyDepartment of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, GermanyCenter for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases Related to Professional Activities, Jena, GermanyCenter for Sepsis Control & Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital/Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, GermanyBackgroundIn times of physical stress, the body orchestrates a multisystemic regulatory response. The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine play a role in the immediate regulation chain, while cortisol is involved in delayed regulation. The release of those stress hormones in response to exercise has previously been reported to elicit diverse immune reactions.ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review was to examine and present the acute effects of immediate pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in experienced endurance athletes.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science in accordance with PRISMA guidelines up to February 2023. Randomized controlled trials in English or German language were included if baseline and at least two follow-up measures of blood plasma or serum of chosen stress hormones (cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine) were collected in response to prolonged continuous endurance activity. Eligibility furthermore required an acute carbohydrate ingestion of at least 30 g of carbohydrates per hour no more than 30 min before start of the exercise, as well as a placebo-controlled study design.ResultsEleven studies of moderate to high quality were included in this review. Carbohydrate ingestion of at least 30 g per hour was able to attenuate rises in cortisol concentration in majority of the included studies. Epinephrine levels were considerably lower with ingestion of carbohydrates compared to placebo in all studies. Norepinephrine concentrations were largely unaffected by acute carbohydrate feeding.ConclusionPre- and mid-exercise ingestion of carbohydrates seems an effective dietary strategy to attenuate rises in cortisol and epinephrine levels and, thus, an effective countermeasure for endurance exercise-induced increases in stress hormone levels.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2024.1264814/fullimmunonutritionendurance exercisecarbohydratesstress hormonesdietary strategy |
| spellingShingle | Tabea Christ Miriam Ringleb Miriam Ringleb Miriam Ringleb Simon Haunhorst Simon Haunhorst Lena Fennen Paul M. Jordan Heiko Wagner Christian Puta Christian Puta Christian Puta The acute effects of pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on the immunoregulatory stress hormone release in experienced endurance athletes—a systematic review Frontiers in Sports and Active Living immunonutrition endurance exercise carbohydrates stress hormones dietary strategy |
| title | The acute effects of pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on the immunoregulatory stress hormone release in experienced endurance athletes—a systematic review |
| title_full | The acute effects of pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on the immunoregulatory stress hormone release in experienced endurance athletes—a systematic review |
| title_fullStr | The acute effects of pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on the immunoregulatory stress hormone release in experienced endurance athletes—a systematic review |
| title_full_unstemmed | The acute effects of pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on the immunoregulatory stress hormone release in experienced endurance athletes—a systematic review |
| title_short | The acute effects of pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on the immunoregulatory stress hormone release in experienced endurance athletes—a systematic review |
| title_sort | acute effects of pre and mid exercise carbohydrate ingestion on the immunoregulatory stress hormone release in experienced endurance athletes a systematic review |
| topic | immunonutrition endurance exercise carbohydrates stress hormones dietary strategy |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2024.1264814/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tabeachrist theacuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT miriamringleb theacuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT miriamringleb theacuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT miriamringleb theacuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT simonhaunhorst theacuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT simonhaunhorst theacuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT lenafennen theacuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT paulmjordan theacuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT heikowagner theacuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT christianputa theacuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT christianputa theacuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT christianputa theacuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT tabeachrist acuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT miriamringleb acuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT miriamringleb acuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT miriamringleb acuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT simonhaunhorst acuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT simonhaunhorst acuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT lenafennen acuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT paulmjordan acuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT heikowagner acuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT christianputa acuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT christianputa acuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview AT christianputa acuteeffectsofpreandmidexercisecarbohydrateingestionontheimmunoregulatorystresshormonereleaseinexperiencedenduranceathletesasystematicreview |