Trends and Urban-Rural Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition among Chinese Children: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991 to 2015)
The nutrition status of children is gaining more attention with a rapid nutrition transition. This study aimed to investigate trends and urban-rural differences in dietary energy and macronutrient composition among Chinese children. A total of 7565 participants aged 6 to 17 years were obtained from...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-06-01
|
| Series: | Nutrients |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/6/1933 |
| _version_ | 1797531408267214848 |
|---|---|
| author | Jian Zhao Lijun Zuo Jian Sun Chang Su Huijun Wang |
| author_facet | Jian Zhao Lijun Zuo Jian Sun Chang Su Huijun Wang |
| author_sort | Jian Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The nutrition status of children is gaining more attention with a rapid nutrition transition. This study aimed to investigate trends and urban-rural differences in dietary energy and macronutrient composition among Chinese children. A total of 7565 participants aged 6 to 17 years were obtained from three rounds (1991, 2004 and 2015) of the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). The individual diet was evaluated via three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). From 1991 to 2015, there was a significant increase in children’s fat intake, the proportion of energy intake from fat, and the proportion of children with more than 30% of energy from fat and less than 50% of energy from carbohydrates (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Compared with the DRI, the proportion with higher fat and lower carbohydrate intakes were, respectively, 64.7% and 46.8% in 2015. The urban-rural disparities in fat and carbohydrate intake gradually narrowed, while the gap in protein intake increased notably over time (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Chinese children experienced a rapid transformation to a low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet. Urban-rural disparities persistently existed; further nutritional interventions and education were of great significance, so as to ensure a more balanced diet for Chinese children. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:43:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dc392d08a7144d31a268d5924fe03220 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:43:22Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-dc392d08a7144d31a268d5924fe032202023-11-21T22:49:57ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432021-06-01136193310.3390/nu13061933Trends and Urban-Rural Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition among Chinese Children: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991 to 2015)Jian Zhao0Lijun Zuo1Jian Sun2Chang Su3Huijun Wang4Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaSchool of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, ChinaThe nutrition status of children is gaining more attention with a rapid nutrition transition. This study aimed to investigate trends and urban-rural differences in dietary energy and macronutrient composition among Chinese children. A total of 7565 participants aged 6 to 17 years were obtained from three rounds (1991, 2004 and 2015) of the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). The individual diet was evaluated via three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). From 1991 to 2015, there was a significant increase in children’s fat intake, the proportion of energy intake from fat, and the proportion of children with more than 30% of energy from fat and less than 50% of energy from carbohydrates (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Compared with the DRI, the proportion with higher fat and lower carbohydrate intakes were, respectively, 64.7% and 46.8% in 2015. The urban-rural disparities in fat and carbohydrate intake gradually narrowed, while the gap in protein intake increased notably over time (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Chinese children experienced a rapid transformation to a low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet. Urban-rural disparities persistently existed; further nutritional interventions and education were of great significance, so as to ensure a more balanced diet for Chinese children.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/6/1933childrenurban–rural disparitynutrition transitionmacronutrientdietary reference intake |
| spellingShingle | Jian Zhao Lijun Zuo Jian Sun Chang Su Huijun Wang Trends and Urban-Rural Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition among Chinese Children: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991 to 2015) Nutrients children urban–rural disparity nutrition transition macronutrient dietary reference intake |
| title | Trends and Urban-Rural Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition among Chinese Children: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991 to 2015) |
| title_full | Trends and Urban-Rural Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition among Chinese Children: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991 to 2015) |
| title_fullStr | Trends and Urban-Rural Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition among Chinese Children: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991 to 2015) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trends and Urban-Rural Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition among Chinese Children: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991 to 2015) |
| title_short | Trends and Urban-Rural Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition among Chinese Children: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991 to 2015) |
| title_sort | trends and urban rural disparities of energy intake and macronutrient composition among chinese children findings from the china health and nutrition survey 1991 to 2015 |
| topic | children urban–rural disparity nutrition transition macronutrient dietary reference intake |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/6/1933 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jianzhao trendsandurbanruraldisparitiesofenergyintakeandmacronutrientcompositionamongchinesechildrenfindingsfromthechinahealthandnutritionsurvey1991to2015 AT lijunzuo trendsandurbanruraldisparitiesofenergyintakeandmacronutrientcompositionamongchinesechildrenfindingsfromthechinahealthandnutritionsurvey1991to2015 AT jiansun trendsandurbanruraldisparitiesofenergyintakeandmacronutrientcompositionamongchinesechildrenfindingsfromthechinahealthandnutritionsurvey1991to2015 AT changsu trendsandurbanruraldisparitiesofenergyintakeandmacronutrientcompositionamongchinesechildrenfindingsfromthechinahealthandnutritionsurvey1991to2015 AT huijunwang trendsandurbanruraldisparitiesofenergyintakeandmacronutrientcompositionamongchinesechildrenfindingsfromthechinahealthandnutritionsurvey1991to2015 |