Comparative Analysis of Virulence Mechanisms of Trypanosomatids Pathogenic to Humans
Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania spp., and T. cruzi are flagellate protozoans of the family Trypanosomatidae and the causative agents of human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease, respectively. These diseases affect humans worldwide and exert a significant impact on public healt...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2021.669079/full |
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| author | Artur Leonel de Castro Neto José Franco da Silveira Renato Arruda Mortara |
| author_facet | Artur Leonel de Castro Neto José Franco da Silveira Renato Arruda Mortara |
| author_sort | Artur Leonel de Castro Neto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania spp., and T. cruzi are flagellate protozoans of the family Trypanosomatidae and the causative agents of human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease, respectively. These diseases affect humans worldwide and exert a significant impact on public health. Over the course of evolution, the parasites associated with these pathologies have developed mechanisms to circumvent the immune response system throughout the infection cycle. In cases of human infection, this function is undertaken by a group of proteins and processes that allow the parasites to propagate and survive during host invasion. In T. brucei, antigenic variation is promoted by variant surface glycoproteins and other proteins involved in evasion from the humoral immune response, which helps the parasite sustain itself in the extracellular milieu during infection. Conversely, Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi possess a more complex infection cycle, with specific intracellular stages. In addition to mechanisms for evading humoral immunity, the pathogens have also developed mechanisms for facilitating their adhesion and incorporation into host cells. In this review, the different immune evasion strategies at cellular and molecular levels developed by these human-pathogenic trypanosomatids have been discussed, with a focus on the key molecules responsible for mediating the invasion and evasion mechanisms and the effects of these molecules on virulence. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T14:47:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dc3dbafac70440a5b01a2e7db51b2d84 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2235-2988 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T14:47:17Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-dc3dbafac70440a5b01a2e7db51b2d842022-12-21T19:37:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology2235-29882021-04-011110.3389/fcimb.2021.669079669079Comparative Analysis of Virulence Mechanisms of Trypanosomatids Pathogenic to HumansArtur Leonel de Castro NetoJosé Franco da SilveiraRenato Arruda MortaraTrypanosoma brucei, Leishmania spp., and T. cruzi are flagellate protozoans of the family Trypanosomatidae and the causative agents of human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease, respectively. These diseases affect humans worldwide and exert a significant impact on public health. Over the course of evolution, the parasites associated with these pathologies have developed mechanisms to circumvent the immune response system throughout the infection cycle. In cases of human infection, this function is undertaken by a group of proteins and processes that allow the parasites to propagate and survive during host invasion. In T. brucei, antigenic variation is promoted by variant surface glycoproteins and other proteins involved in evasion from the humoral immune response, which helps the parasite sustain itself in the extracellular milieu during infection. Conversely, Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi possess a more complex infection cycle, with specific intracellular stages. In addition to mechanisms for evading humoral immunity, the pathogens have also developed mechanisms for facilitating their adhesion and incorporation into host cells. In this review, the different immune evasion strategies at cellular and molecular levels developed by these human-pathogenic trypanosomatids have been discussed, with a focus on the key molecules responsible for mediating the invasion and evasion mechanisms and the effects of these molecules on virulence.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2021.669079/fullTrypanosoma bruceiLeishmania spp.Trypanosoma cruzivirulence factorsimmune system evasionhost-parasite interaction |
| spellingShingle | Artur Leonel de Castro Neto José Franco da Silveira Renato Arruda Mortara Comparative Analysis of Virulence Mechanisms of Trypanosomatids Pathogenic to Humans Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology Trypanosoma brucei Leishmania spp. Trypanosoma cruzi virulence factors immune system evasion host-parasite interaction |
| title | Comparative Analysis of Virulence Mechanisms of Trypanosomatids Pathogenic to Humans |
| title_full | Comparative Analysis of Virulence Mechanisms of Trypanosomatids Pathogenic to Humans |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Analysis of Virulence Mechanisms of Trypanosomatids Pathogenic to Humans |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Analysis of Virulence Mechanisms of Trypanosomatids Pathogenic to Humans |
| title_short | Comparative Analysis of Virulence Mechanisms of Trypanosomatids Pathogenic to Humans |
| title_sort | comparative analysis of virulence mechanisms of trypanosomatids pathogenic to humans |
| topic | Trypanosoma brucei Leishmania spp. Trypanosoma cruzi virulence factors immune system evasion host-parasite interaction |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2021.669079/full |
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