Global seasonal distribution of CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> and CHBr<sub>3</sub> in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
<p>Bromine released from the decomposition of short-lived brominated source gases contributes as a sink of ozone in the lower stratosphere. The two major contributors are <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub></span> and <span...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/22/15049/2022/acp-22-15049-2022.pdf |
| _version_ | 1811186708736114688 |
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| author | M. Jesswein R. P. Fernandez L. Berná A. Saiz-Lopez J.-U. Grooß R. Hossaini E. C. Apel R. S. Hornbrook E. L. Atlas D. R. Blake S. Montzka T. Keber T. Schuck T. Wagenhäuser A. Engel |
| author_facet | M. Jesswein R. P. Fernandez L. Berná A. Saiz-Lopez J.-U. Grooß R. Hossaini E. C. Apel R. S. Hornbrook E. L. Atlas D. R. Blake S. Montzka T. Keber T. Schuck T. Wagenhäuser A. Engel |
| author_sort | M. Jesswein |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Bromine released from the decomposition of short-lived brominated source gases contributes as a sink of ozone in the lower stratosphere.
The two major contributors are <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub></span> and <span class="inline-formula">CHBr<sub>3</sub></span>.
In this study, we investigate the global seasonal distribution of these two substances, based on four High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) missions, the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) mission, and the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission.
Observations of <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub></span> in the free and upper troposphere indicate a pronounced seasonality in both hemispheres, with slightly larger mixing ratios in the Northern Hemisphere (NH).
Compared to <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub></span>, <span class="inline-formula">CHBr<sub>3</sub></span> in these regions shows larger variability and less clear seasonality, presenting larger mixing ratios in winter and autumn in NH midlatitudes to high latitudes.
The lowermost stratosphere of SH and NH shows a very similar distribution of <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub></span> in hemispheric spring with differences well below 0.1 ppt, while the differences in hemispheric autumn are much larger with substantially smaller values in the SH than in the NH.
This suggests that transport processes may be different in both hemispheric autumn seasons, which implies that the influx of tropospheric air (“flushing”) into the NH lowermost stratosphere is more efficient than in the SH.
The observations of <span class="inline-formula">CHBr<sub>3</sub></span> support the suggestion, with a steeper vertical gradient in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in SH autumn than in NH autumn.
However, the SH database is insufficient to quantify this difference.
We further compare the observations to model estimates of TOMCAT (Toulouse Off-line Model of Chemistry And Transport) and CAM-Chem (Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry, version 4), both using the same emission inventory of <span class="cit" id="xref_text.1"><a href="#bib1.bibx43">Ordóñez et al.</a> (<a href="#bib1.bibx43">2012</a>)</span>.
The pronounced tropospheric seasonality of <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub></span> in the SH is not reproduced by the models,
presumably due to erroneous seasonal emissions or atmospheric photochemical decomposition efficiencies.
In contrast, model simulations of <span class="inline-formula">CHBr<sub>3</sub></span> show a pronounced seasonality in both hemispheres, which is not confirmed by observations.
The distributions of both species in the lowermost stratosphere of the Northern and Southern hemispheres are overall well captured by the models with the exception of southern hemispheric autumn,
where both models present a bias that maximizes in the lowest 40 K above the tropopause, with considerably lower mixing ratios in the observations.
Thus, both models reproduce equivalent flushing in both hemispheres, which is not confirmed by the limited available observations.
Our study emphasizes the need for more extensive observations in the SH to fully understand the impact of <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub></span> and <span class="inline-formula">CHBr<sub>3</sub></span> on lowermost-stratospheric ozone loss and to help constrain emissions.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:50:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dc488a044f654d29b5b8057141b708fa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:50:03Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-dc488a044f654d29b5b8057141b708fa2022-12-22T04:20:41ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242022-11-0122150491507010.5194/acp-22-15049-2022Global seasonal distribution of CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> and CHBr<sub>3</sub> in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphereM. Jesswein0R. P. Fernandez1L. Berná2A. Saiz-Lopez3J.-U. Grooß4R. Hossaini5E. C. Apel6R. S. Hornbrook7E. L. Atlas8D. R. Blake9S. Montzka10T. Keber11T. Schuck12T. Wagenhäuser13A. Engel14Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, GermanyInstitute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, ArgentinaAtmospheric and Environmental Studies Group (GEAA), National Technological University (UTN-FR Mendoza), Mendoza, ArgentinaDepartment of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, SpainInstitute of Energy and Climate Research – Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, GermanyLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UKAtmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USAAtmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USAUniversity of Miami, Miami, FL, USADepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USAGlobal Monitoring Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USAInstitute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, GermanyInstitute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, GermanyInstitute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, GermanyInstitute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany<p>Bromine released from the decomposition of short-lived brominated source gases contributes as a sink of ozone in the lower stratosphere. The two major contributors are <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub></span> and <span class="inline-formula">CHBr<sub>3</sub></span>. In this study, we investigate the global seasonal distribution of these two substances, based on four High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) missions, the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) mission, and the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission. Observations of <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub></span> in the free and upper troposphere indicate a pronounced seasonality in both hemispheres, with slightly larger mixing ratios in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Compared to <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub></span>, <span class="inline-formula">CHBr<sub>3</sub></span> in these regions shows larger variability and less clear seasonality, presenting larger mixing ratios in winter and autumn in NH midlatitudes to high latitudes. The lowermost stratosphere of SH and NH shows a very similar distribution of <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub></span> in hemispheric spring with differences well below 0.1 ppt, while the differences in hemispheric autumn are much larger with substantially smaller values in the SH than in the NH. This suggests that transport processes may be different in both hemispheric autumn seasons, which implies that the influx of tropospheric air (“flushing”) into the NH lowermost stratosphere is more efficient than in the SH. The observations of <span class="inline-formula">CHBr<sub>3</sub></span> support the suggestion, with a steeper vertical gradient in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in SH autumn than in NH autumn. However, the SH database is insufficient to quantify this difference. We further compare the observations to model estimates of TOMCAT (Toulouse Off-line Model of Chemistry And Transport) and CAM-Chem (Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry, version 4), both using the same emission inventory of <span class="cit" id="xref_text.1"><a href="#bib1.bibx43">Ordóñez et al.</a> (<a href="#bib1.bibx43">2012</a>)</span>. The pronounced tropospheric seasonality of <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub></span> in the SH is not reproduced by the models, presumably due to erroneous seasonal emissions or atmospheric photochemical decomposition efficiencies. In contrast, model simulations of <span class="inline-formula">CHBr<sub>3</sub></span> show a pronounced seasonality in both hemispheres, which is not confirmed by observations. The distributions of both species in the lowermost stratosphere of the Northern and Southern hemispheres are overall well captured by the models with the exception of southern hemispheric autumn, where both models present a bias that maximizes in the lowest 40 K above the tropopause, with considerably lower mixing ratios in the observations. Thus, both models reproduce equivalent flushing in both hemispheres, which is not confirmed by the limited available observations. Our study emphasizes the need for more extensive observations in the SH to fully understand the impact of <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub></span> and <span class="inline-formula">CHBr<sub>3</sub></span> on lowermost-stratospheric ozone loss and to help constrain emissions.</p>https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/22/15049/2022/acp-22-15049-2022.pdf |
| spellingShingle | M. Jesswein R. P. Fernandez L. Berná A. Saiz-Lopez J.-U. Grooß R. Hossaini E. C. Apel R. S. Hornbrook E. L. Atlas D. R. Blake S. Montzka T. Keber T. Schuck T. Wagenhäuser A. Engel Global seasonal distribution of CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> and CHBr<sub>3</sub> in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Global seasonal distribution of CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> and CHBr<sub>3</sub> in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere |
| title_full | Global seasonal distribution of CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> and CHBr<sub>3</sub> in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere |
| title_fullStr | Global seasonal distribution of CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> and CHBr<sub>3</sub> in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global seasonal distribution of CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> and CHBr<sub>3</sub> in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere |
| title_short | Global seasonal distribution of CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> and CHBr<sub>3</sub> in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere |
| title_sort | global seasonal distribution of ch sub 2 sub br sub 2 sub and chbr sub 3 sub in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere |
| url | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/22/15049/2022/acp-22-15049-2022.pdf |
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