Review of Techniques to Reduce and Prevent Carbonate Scale. Prospecting in Water Treatment by Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Carbonate scale is one of the main problems in hot water systems, and therefore, interest in this subject has grown since 2000s. Water treatments, based on magnetic and electromagnetic (EM) techniques to prevent scale, are being commercialized, but their effectiveness is not clearly demonstrated bec...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/17/2365 |
| _version_ | 1797520850053758976 |
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| author | Sergio Martínez Moya Nuria Boluda Botella |
| author_facet | Sergio Martínez Moya Nuria Boluda Botella |
| author_sort | Sergio Martínez Moya |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Carbonate scale is one of the main problems in hot water systems, and therefore, interest in this subject has grown since 2000s. Water treatments, based on magnetic and electromagnetic (EM) techniques to prevent scale, are being commercialized, but their effectiveness is not clearly demonstrated because it depends on temperature, pressure, dissolved CO<sub>2</sub>, pH, field intensity, water flow, etc. In this paper, a review of these techniques, together with other classical techniques, such as chemical softening, the use of inhibitors, ion exchange, electrochemical and membrane treatments is presented. The latter alter the composition of the water and generate hazardous waste for health and the environment, unlike magnetic and EM treatments, which are considered non-invasive techniques. Different hypotheses are used to explain the effect of these treatments, such as the formation of aragonite instead of calcite or crystal nuclei formation within the fluid. Analysis of salts formed with SEM, X-ray diffraction, or colorimetric tests seem to support the efficiency of these treatments since study in the fluid is not easy. Dissolution of the formed scale or its prevention endorse the commercialization of these techniques, but their effectiveness must be verified in each installation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:02:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dc53b09dac964cfdbc304863c336d4a3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:02:30Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-dc53b09dac964cfdbc304863c336d4a32023-11-22T11:24:43ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-08-011317236510.3390/w13172365Review of Techniques to Reduce and Prevent Carbonate Scale. Prospecting in Water Treatment by Magnetism and ElectromagnetismSergio Martínez Moya0Nuria Boluda Botella1University Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, SpainUniversity Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, SpainCarbonate scale is one of the main problems in hot water systems, and therefore, interest in this subject has grown since 2000s. Water treatments, based on magnetic and electromagnetic (EM) techniques to prevent scale, are being commercialized, but their effectiveness is not clearly demonstrated because it depends on temperature, pressure, dissolved CO<sub>2</sub>, pH, field intensity, water flow, etc. In this paper, a review of these techniques, together with other classical techniques, such as chemical softening, the use of inhibitors, ion exchange, electrochemical and membrane treatments is presented. The latter alter the composition of the water and generate hazardous waste for health and the environment, unlike magnetic and EM treatments, which are considered non-invasive techniques. Different hypotheses are used to explain the effect of these treatments, such as the formation of aragonite instead of calcite or crystal nuclei formation within the fluid. Analysis of salts formed with SEM, X-ray diffraction, or colorimetric tests seem to support the efficiency of these treatments since study in the fluid is not easy. Dissolution of the formed scale or its prevention endorse the commercialization of these techniques, but their effectiveness must be verified in each installation.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/17/2365calcium carbonatemagnetic treatmentelectromagnetic treatmentscale preventionwater hardnesssoftening |
| spellingShingle | Sergio Martínez Moya Nuria Boluda Botella Review of Techniques to Reduce and Prevent Carbonate Scale. Prospecting in Water Treatment by Magnetism and Electromagnetism Water calcium carbonate magnetic treatment electromagnetic treatment scale prevention water hardness softening |
| title | Review of Techniques to Reduce and Prevent Carbonate Scale. Prospecting in Water Treatment by Magnetism and Electromagnetism |
| title_full | Review of Techniques to Reduce and Prevent Carbonate Scale. Prospecting in Water Treatment by Magnetism and Electromagnetism |
| title_fullStr | Review of Techniques to Reduce and Prevent Carbonate Scale. Prospecting in Water Treatment by Magnetism and Electromagnetism |
| title_full_unstemmed | Review of Techniques to Reduce and Prevent Carbonate Scale. Prospecting in Water Treatment by Magnetism and Electromagnetism |
| title_short | Review of Techniques to Reduce and Prevent Carbonate Scale. Prospecting in Water Treatment by Magnetism and Electromagnetism |
| title_sort | review of techniques to reduce and prevent carbonate scale prospecting in water treatment by magnetism and electromagnetism |
| topic | calcium carbonate magnetic treatment electromagnetic treatment scale prevention water hardness softening |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/17/2365 |
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