Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase
Severe equine asthma (EA) syndrome is a chronic obstructive disease characterized by exaggerated contraction, inflammation, and structural alteration of the airways in adult horses, when exposed to airborne molds and particulate material. However, little is known about the relationship between the d...
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2021-05-01
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| author | Maria Morini Angelo Peli Riccardo Rinnovati Giuseppe Magazzù Noemi Romagnoli Alessandro Spadari Marco Pietra |
| author_facet | Maria Morini Angelo Peli Riccardo Rinnovati Giuseppe Magazzù Noemi Romagnoli Alessandro Spadari Marco Pietra |
| author_sort | Maria Morini |
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| description | Severe equine asthma (EA) syndrome is a chronic obstructive disease characterized by exaggerated contraction, inflammation, and structural alteration of the airways in adult horses, when exposed to airborne molds and particulate material. However, little is known about the relationship between the degree and type of inflammation on one hand, and the severity of the disease and the response to treatment on the other. Furthermore, to date, very few studies evaluate the diagnostic value of histology and immunohistochemical features of endoscopic biopsies on subjects with severe equine asthma. To investigate the expression of two inflammatory markers (NKA and IL-8) before, during, and after the exacerbation of severe EA, a histological and immunohistochemical study was carried out on a series of biopsy samples collected by bronchoscopy from six EA-affected horses subjected to process exacerbation through environmental stimuli and then to pharmacological treatment. The application of a histological biopsy scoring system revealed a significant difference between control cases and the EA-affected horses in all experimental phases (asymptomatic, early exacerbation phase, late exacerbation phase, and remission phase). For immunohistochemistry (IHC), only the intensity of NKA positivity increases significantly between control horses and the EA horses at late exacerbation and remission phases. In EA-affected horses, a difference was detected by comparing histology between asymptomatic and remission phase, meanwhile, NKA and IL-8 showed no differences between the experimental phases. Based on these results we can assert that: (1) The endoscopic biopsies generate reliable and homogeneous samples in the entire bronchial tree; (2) the clinical improvement associated with treatment is characterized by a significant worsening of the histological findings; and (3) the NKA immunopositivity seems to increase significantly rather than decrease, as one would have expected, after pharmacological treatment. Further studies are necessary both to implement the number of samples and to use other markers of inflammation to characterize the potential role of cytokines in the diagnosis and therapeutic approach of severe equine asthma. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-dc59fdbf8d1642d1b1e17dd79e4db8202023-11-21T19:25:49ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152021-05-01115137610.3390/ani11051376Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission PhaseMaria Morini0Angelo Peli1Riccardo Rinnovati2Giuseppe Magazzù3Noemi Romagnoli4Alessandro Spadari5Marco Pietra6Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, ItalyDVM, Vet Practitioner, 40024 Castel San Pietro Terme, 40064 Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, ItalySevere equine asthma (EA) syndrome is a chronic obstructive disease characterized by exaggerated contraction, inflammation, and structural alteration of the airways in adult horses, when exposed to airborne molds and particulate material. However, little is known about the relationship between the degree and type of inflammation on one hand, and the severity of the disease and the response to treatment on the other. Furthermore, to date, very few studies evaluate the diagnostic value of histology and immunohistochemical features of endoscopic biopsies on subjects with severe equine asthma. To investigate the expression of two inflammatory markers (NKA and IL-8) before, during, and after the exacerbation of severe EA, a histological and immunohistochemical study was carried out on a series of biopsy samples collected by bronchoscopy from six EA-affected horses subjected to process exacerbation through environmental stimuli and then to pharmacological treatment. The application of a histological biopsy scoring system revealed a significant difference between control cases and the EA-affected horses in all experimental phases (asymptomatic, early exacerbation phase, late exacerbation phase, and remission phase). For immunohistochemistry (IHC), only the intensity of NKA positivity increases significantly between control horses and the EA horses at late exacerbation and remission phases. In EA-affected horses, a difference was detected by comparing histology between asymptomatic and remission phase, meanwhile, NKA and IL-8 showed no differences between the experimental phases. Based on these results we can assert that: (1) The endoscopic biopsies generate reliable and homogeneous samples in the entire bronchial tree; (2) the clinical improvement associated with treatment is characterized by a significant worsening of the histological findings; and (3) the NKA immunopositivity seems to increase significantly rather than decrease, as one would have expected, after pharmacological treatment. Further studies are necessary both to implement the number of samples and to use other markers of inflammation to characterize the potential role of cytokines in the diagnosis and therapeutic approach of severe equine asthma.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/5/1376respiratory tracthorsesevere equine asthmaimmunohistochemistryIL-8NKA |
| spellingShingle | Maria Morini Angelo Peli Riccardo Rinnovati Giuseppe Magazzù Noemi Romagnoli Alessandro Spadari Marco Pietra Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase Animals respiratory tract horse severe equine asthma immunohistochemistry IL-8 NKA |
| title | Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase |
| title_full | Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase |
| title_fullStr | Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase |
| title_short | Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase |
| title_sort | immunohistochemical expression of neurokinin a and interleukin 8 in the bronchial epithelium of horses with severe equine asthma syndrome during asymptomatic exacerbation and remission phase |
| topic | respiratory tract horse severe equine asthma immunohistochemistry IL-8 NKA |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/5/1376 |
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