A Study of the Convective Cooling of Large Industrial Billets
The thermodynamic heat-transfer mechanisms, which occur as a heated billet cools in an air environment, are of clear importance in determining the rate at which a heated billet cools. However, in finite element modelling simulations, the convective heat transfer term of the heat transfer mechanisms...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/5/4/137 |
| _version_ | 1797503340428394496 |
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| author | Richard Turner |
| author_facet | Richard Turner |
| author_sort | Richard Turner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The thermodynamic heat-transfer mechanisms, which occur as a heated billet cools in an air environment, are of clear importance in determining the rate at which a heated billet cools. However, in finite element modelling simulations, the convective heat transfer term of the heat transfer mechanisms is often reduced to simplified or guessed constants, whereas thermal conductivity and radiative emissivity are entered as detailed temperature dependent functions. As such, in both natural and forced convection environments, the fundamental physical relationships for the Nusselt number, Reynolds number, Raleigh parameter, and Grashof parameter were consulted and combined to form a fundamental relationship for the natural convective heat transfer as a temperature-dependent function. This function was calculated using values for air as found in the literature. These functions were then applied within an FE framework for a simple billet cooling model, compared against FE predictions with constant convective coefficient, and further compared with experimental data for a real steel billet cooling. The modified, temperature-dependent convective transfer coefficient displayed an improved prediction of the cooling curves in the majority of experiments, although on occasion a constant value model also produced very similar predicted cooling curves. Finally, a grain growth kinetics numerical model was implemented in order to predict how different convective models influence grain size and, as such, mechanical properties. The resulting findings could offer improved cooling rate predictions for all types of FE models for metal forming and heat treatment operations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:49:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dc747cce733b4daea144bfb0d6289c81 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2504-4494 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:49:12Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing |
| spelling | doaj.art-dc747cce733b4daea144bfb0d6289c812023-11-23T09:01:50ZengMDPI AGJournal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing2504-44942021-12-015413710.3390/jmmp5040137A Study of the Convective Cooling of Large Industrial BilletsRichard Turner0School of Metallurgy & Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKThe thermodynamic heat-transfer mechanisms, which occur as a heated billet cools in an air environment, are of clear importance in determining the rate at which a heated billet cools. However, in finite element modelling simulations, the convective heat transfer term of the heat transfer mechanisms is often reduced to simplified or guessed constants, whereas thermal conductivity and radiative emissivity are entered as detailed temperature dependent functions. As such, in both natural and forced convection environments, the fundamental physical relationships for the Nusselt number, Reynolds number, Raleigh parameter, and Grashof parameter were consulted and combined to form a fundamental relationship for the natural convective heat transfer as a temperature-dependent function. This function was calculated using values for air as found in the literature. These functions were then applied within an FE framework for a simple billet cooling model, compared against FE predictions with constant convective coefficient, and further compared with experimental data for a real steel billet cooling. The modified, temperature-dependent convective transfer coefficient displayed an improved prediction of the cooling curves in the majority of experiments, although on occasion a constant value model also produced very similar predicted cooling curves. Finally, a grain growth kinetics numerical model was implemented in order to predict how different convective models influence grain size and, as such, mechanical properties. The resulting findings could offer improved cooling rate predictions for all types of FE models for metal forming and heat treatment operations.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/5/4/137NusseltGrashofReynoldsRayleighfinite elementsteel |
| spellingShingle | Richard Turner A Study of the Convective Cooling of Large Industrial Billets Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing Nusselt Grashof Reynolds Rayleigh finite element steel |
| title | A Study of the Convective Cooling of Large Industrial Billets |
| title_full | A Study of the Convective Cooling of Large Industrial Billets |
| title_fullStr | A Study of the Convective Cooling of Large Industrial Billets |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Study of the Convective Cooling of Large Industrial Billets |
| title_short | A Study of the Convective Cooling of Large Industrial Billets |
| title_sort | study of the convective cooling of large industrial billets |
| topic | Nusselt Grashof Reynolds Rayleigh finite element steel |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/5/4/137 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT richardturner astudyoftheconvectivecoolingoflargeindustrialbillets AT richardturner studyoftheconvectivecoolingoflargeindustrialbillets |