Virulence Determinants and Methicillin Resistance in Biofilm-Forming <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> from Various Food Sources in Bangladesh
The eradication of staphylococcal infections has become more difficult due to the development of antibiotic resistance and virulence in biofilm-forming <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The presence of the life-threatening zoonotic pathogen, methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i>...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/11/1666 |
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| author | Fatimah Muhammad Ballah Md. Saiful Islam Md. Liton Rana Md. Ashek Ullah Farhana Binte Ferdous Fahim Haque Neloy Samina Ievy Md. Abdus Sobur AMM Taufiquer Rahman Mst. Minara Khatun Marzia Rahman Md. Tanvir Rahman |
| author_facet | Fatimah Muhammad Ballah Md. Saiful Islam Md. Liton Rana Md. Ashek Ullah Farhana Binte Ferdous Fahim Haque Neloy Samina Ievy Md. Abdus Sobur AMM Taufiquer Rahman Mst. Minara Khatun Marzia Rahman Md. Tanvir Rahman |
| author_sort | Fatimah Muhammad Ballah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The eradication of staphylococcal infections has become more difficult due to the development of antibiotic resistance and virulence in biofilm-forming <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The presence of the life-threatening zoonotic pathogen, methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA), in foods indicates a public health issue. This study, therefore, aimed to determine virulence factors and methicillin resistance in biofilm-forming <i>S. aureus</i> isolates from different foods and food handlers. A total of 100 PCR-positive <i>S. aureus</i> isolates (97 biofilm formers and three non-biofilm formers) were screened using the disk diffusion method and PCR assay. By PCR, genes encoding virulence factors, e.g., enterotoxin (<i>sea</i>, 30%, 95% CI: 21.90–39.59%), toxic shock syndrome toxin (<i>tst</i>, 20%, 95% CI: 13.34–28.88%), and Panton–Valentine leukocidin toxin (<i>PVL</i>, 15%, 95% CI: 9.31–23.28%), were detected in the <i>S. aureus</i> isolates. By the disk diffusion method, 100% (95% CI: 96.30–100.00%) of <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were phenotypically MRSA in nature, showing 100% resistance to oxacillin and cefoxitin. Moreover, the methicillin-resistant gene <i>mecA</i> was found in 61 (61%, 95% CI: 51.20–69.98%) MRSA isolates. Furthermore, all the <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were phenotypically resistant to ampicillin and penicillin, 30% to erythromycin, and 11% to gentamycin. Among them, 51% (95% CI: 41.35–60.58%) of <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were phenotypically multidrug-resistant in nature, and the multiple antibiotic resistance index varied from 0.33 to 0.55. Genes encoding resistance to beta-lactams (<i>blaZ</i>, 100%, 95% CI: 96.30–100.00%) and tetracyclines (<i>tetA</i> and <i>tetC</i>, 3%, 95% CI: 0.82–8.45%) were found positive in the <i>S. aureus</i> isolates. Genes encoding virulence determinants and MRSA were significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) higher in strong biofilm-forming <i>S. aureus</i> than in moderate and non-biofilm-forming isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh to incorporate preliminary data on the occurrence of virulence determinants and methicillin resistance, including resistance to clinically important antibiotics, in biofilm-forming <i>S. aureus</i> isolates from different foods and food handlers in Bangladesh, emphasizing a potential threat to human health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:31:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dc795676c2d140b08db4cf62c6cba9a1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:31:42Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-dc795676c2d140b08db4cf62c6cba9a12023-11-24T07:31:32ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822022-11-011111166610.3390/antibiotics11111666Virulence Determinants and Methicillin Resistance in Biofilm-Forming <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> from Various Food Sources in BangladeshFatimah Muhammad Ballah0Md. Saiful Islam1Md. Liton Rana2Md. Ashek Ullah3Farhana Binte Ferdous4Fahim Haque Neloy5Samina Ievy6Md. Abdus Sobur7AMM Taufiquer Rahman8Mst. Minara Khatun9Marzia Rahman10Md. Tanvir Rahman11Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, BangladeshDepartment of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, BangladeshDepartment of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, BangladeshDepartment of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, BangladeshDepartment of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, BangladeshDepartment of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, BangladeshDepartment of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, BangladeshDepartment of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, BangladeshNaogaon District Hospital, Naogaon 6500, BangladeshDepartment of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, BangladeshDepartment of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, BangladeshDepartment of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, BangladeshThe eradication of staphylococcal infections has become more difficult due to the development of antibiotic resistance and virulence in biofilm-forming <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The presence of the life-threatening zoonotic pathogen, methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA), in foods indicates a public health issue. This study, therefore, aimed to determine virulence factors and methicillin resistance in biofilm-forming <i>S. aureus</i> isolates from different foods and food handlers. A total of 100 PCR-positive <i>S. aureus</i> isolates (97 biofilm formers and three non-biofilm formers) were screened using the disk diffusion method and PCR assay. By PCR, genes encoding virulence factors, e.g., enterotoxin (<i>sea</i>, 30%, 95% CI: 21.90–39.59%), toxic shock syndrome toxin (<i>tst</i>, 20%, 95% CI: 13.34–28.88%), and Panton–Valentine leukocidin toxin (<i>PVL</i>, 15%, 95% CI: 9.31–23.28%), were detected in the <i>S. aureus</i> isolates. By the disk diffusion method, 100% (95% CI: 96.30–100.00%) of <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were phenotypically MRSA in nature, showing 100% resistance to oxacillin and cefoxitin. Moreover, the methicillin-resistant gene <i>mecA</i> was found in 61 (61%, 95% CI: 51.20–69.98%) MRSA isolates. Furthermore, all the <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were phenotypically resistant to ampicillin and penicillin, 30% to erythromycin, and 11% to gentamycin. Among them, 51% (95% CI: 41.35–60.58%) of <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were phenotypically multidrug-resistant in nature, and the multiple antibiotic resistance index varied from 0.33 to 0.55. Genes encoding resistance to beta-lactams (<i>blaZ</i>, 100%, 95% CI: 96.30–100.00%) and tetracyclines (<i>tetA</i> and <i>tetC</i>, 3%, 95% CI: 0.82–8.45%) were found positive in the <i>S. aureus</i> isolates. Genes encoding virulence determinants and MRSA were significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) higher in strong biofilm-forming <i>S. aureus</i> than in moderate and non-biofilm-forming isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh to incorporate preliminary data on the occurrence of virulence determinants and methicillin resistance, including resistance to clinically important antibiotics, in biofilm-forming <i>S. aureus</i> isolates from different foods and food handlers in Bangladesh, emphasizing a potential threat to human health.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/11/1666<i>S. aureus</i>toxinbiofilmantibiotic resistanceMRSA<i>mecA</i> |
| spellingShingle | Fatimah Muhammad Ballah Md. Saiful Islam Md. Liton Rana Md. Ashek Ullah Farhana Binte Ferdous Fahim Haque Neloy Samina Ievy Md. Abdus Sobur AMM Taufiquer Rahman Mst. Minara Khatun Marzia Rahman Md. Tanvir Rahman Virulence Determinants and Methicillin Resistance in Biofilm-Forming <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> from Various Food Sources in Bangladesh Antibiotics <i>S. aureus</i> toxin biofilm antibiotic resistance MRSA <i>mecA</i> |
| title | Virulence Determinants and Methicillin Resistance in Biofilm-Forming <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> from Various Food Sources in Bangladesh |
| title_full | Virulence Determinants and Methicillin Resistance in Biofilm-Forming <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> from Various Food Sources in Bangladesh |
| title_fullStr | Virulence Determinants and Methicillin Resistance in Biofilm-Forming <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> from Various Food Sources in Bangladesh |
| title_full_unstemmed | Virulence Determinants and Methicillin Resistance in Biofilm-Forming <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> from Various Food Sources in Bangladesh |
| title_short | Virulence Determinants and Methicillin Resistance in Biofilm-Forming <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> from Various Food Sources in Bangladesh |
| title_sort | virulence determinants and methicillin resistance in biofilm forming i staphylococcus aureus i from various food sources in bangladesh |
| topic | <i>S. aureus</i> toxin biofilm antibiotic resistance MRSA <i>mecA</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/11/1666 |
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