Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> Transmission by Kiwifruit Pollen
<i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> (Psa) is a phytopathogen responsible for bacterial canker in kiwifruit plants and can be disseminated through pollen. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the inactivat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/7/1022 |
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| author | Margarida M. Lopes Maria Bartolomeu Ana T. P. C. Gomes Etelvina Figueira Ricardo Pinto Luís Reis Victor M. Balcão M. Amparo F. Faustino M. Graça P. M. S. Neves Adelaide Almeida |
| author_facet | Margarida M. Lopes Maria Bartolomeu Ana T. P. C. Gomes Etelvina Figueira Ricardo Pinto Luís Reis Victor M. Balcão M. Amparo F. Faustino M. Graça P. M. S. Neves Adelaide Almeida |
| author_sort | Margarida M. Lopes |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> (Psa) is a phytopathogen responsible for bacterial canker in kiwifruit plants and can be disseminated through pollen. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the inactivation of Psa on kiwifruit pollen using New Methylene Blue (NMB) and Methylene Blue (MB) in the presence/absence of potassium iodide (KI). Pollen germination assays were also performed to evaluate if it was affected by aPDT. Higher reduction of Psa was achieved using NMB (5.0 μM) combined with KI (100 mM) in vitro (ca. 8 log CFU mL<sup>−1</sup> after 90 min of irradiation), while NMB alone promoted a lower reduction (3.7 log CFU mL<sup>−1</sup>). The most efficient NMB concentration with KI was used to study the photodynamic efficiency of MB (5.0 μM). MB with KI photo-inactivated Psa more efficiently than NMB, causing the same bacterial reduction (ca. 8 log CFU mL<sup>−1</sup>) in half the irradiation time (45 min). Therefore, MB was selected for the subsequent ex vivo aPDT assays in pollen. Almost all the Psa cells added artificially to the pollen (3.2 log CFU mL<sup>−1</sup>) were photo-inactivated (3.1 log CFU mL<sup>−1</sup>), whereas aPDT had a low effect on pollen natural microorganisms. When KI was added, a significant increase in aPDT effectiveness was observed (4.5 log CFU mL<sup>−1</sup>). No negative effects were observed in the pollen germination after aPDT. The results show aPDT is an effective and safe method to Psa inactivation on kiwifruit pollen, and MB use is a promising alternative in the control of Psa transmission. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:33:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dcdd42519be5443493faff5e15024580 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:33:57Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-dcdd42519be5443493faff5e150245802023-11-20T06:24:29ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072020-07-0187102210.3390/microorganisms8071022Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> Transmission by Kiwifruit PollenMargarida M. Lopes0Maria Bartolomeu1Ana T. P. C. Gomes2Etelvina Figueira3Ricardo Pinto4Luís Reis5Victor M. Balcão6M. Amparo F. Faustino7M. Graça P. M. S. Neves8Adelaide Almeida9CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalAPK-Associação Portuguesa de Kiwicultores, 4520-249 Santa Maria da Feira, PortugalCESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalLAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalLAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal<i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> (Psa) is a phytopathogen responsible for bacterial canker in kiwifruit plants and can be disseminated through pollen. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the inactivation of Psa on kiwifruit pollen using New Methylene Blue (NMB) and Methylene Blue (MB) in the presence/absence of potassium iodide (KI). Pollen germination assays were also performed to evaluate if it was affected by aPDT. Higher reduction of Psa was achieved using NMB (5.0 μM) combined with KI (100 mM) in vitro (ca. 8 log CFU mL<sup>−1</sup> after 90 min of irradiation), while NMB alone promoted a lower reduction (3.7 log CFU mL<sup>−1</sup>). The most efficient NMB concentration with KI was used to study the photodynamic efficiency of MB (5.0 μM). MB with KI photo-inactivated Psa more efficiently than NMB, causing the same bacterial reduction (ca. 8 log CFU mL<sup>−1</sup>) in half the irradiation time (45 min). Therefore, MB was selected for the subsequent ex vivo aPDT assays in pollen. Almost all the Psa cells added artificially to the pollen (3.2 log CFU mL<sup>−1</sup>) were photo-inactivated (3.1 log CFU mL<sup>−1</sup>), whereas aPDT had a low effect on pollen natural microorganisms. When KI was added, a significant increase in aPDT effectiveness was observed (4.5 log CFU mL<sup>−1</sup>). No negative effects were observed in the pollen germination after aPDT. The results show aPDT is an effective and safe method to Psa inactivation on kiwifruit pollen, and MB use is a promising alternative in the control of Psa transmission.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/7/1022Antimicrobial photodynamic therapyphotosensitizersbacterial infection<i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i>kiwifruit pollen |
| spellingShingle | Margarida M. Lopes Maria Bartolomeu Ana T. P. C. Gomes Etelvina Figueira Ricardo Pinto Luís Reis Victor M. Balcão M. Amparo F. Faustino M. Graça P. M. S. Neves Adelaide Almeida Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> Transmission by Kiwifruit Pollen Microorganisms Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy photosensitizers bacterial infection <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> kiwifruit pollen |
| title | Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> Transmission by Kiwifruit Pollen |
| title_full | Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> Transmission by Kiwifruit Pollen |
| title_fullStr | Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> Transmission by Kiwifruit Pollen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> Transmission by Kiwifruit Pollen |
| title_short | Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> Transmission by Kiwifruit Pollen |
| title_sort | antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the control of i pseudomonas syringae i pv i actinidiae i transmission by kiwifruit pollen |
| topic | Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy photosensitizers bacterial infection <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> kiwifruit pollen |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/7/1022 |
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