Measurable Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using Flow Cytometry: A Review of Where We Are and Where We Are Going
The detection of measurable residual disease (MRD) has become a key investigation that plays a role in the prognostication and management of several hematologic malignancies. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults and the role of MRD in AML is still emerging. Progno...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/6/1714 |
| _version_ | 1797566263521705984 |
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| author | Caroline Dix Tsun-Ho Lo Georgina Clark Edward Abadir |
| author_facet | Caroline Dix Tsun-Ho Lo Georgina Clark Edward Abadir |
| author_sort | Caroline Dix |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The detection of measurable residual disease (MRD) has become a key investigation that plays a role in the prognostication and management of several hematologic malignancies. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults and the role of MRD in AML is still emerging. Prognostic markers are complex, largely based upon genetic and cytogenetic aberrations. MRD is now being incorporated into prognostic models and is a powerful predictor of relapse. While PCR-based MRD methods are sensitive and specific, many patients do not have an identifiable molecular marker. Immunophenotypic MRD methods using multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) are widely applicable, and are based on the identification of surface marker combinations that are present on leukemic cells but not normal hematopoietic cells. Current techniques include a “different from normal” and/or a “leukemia-associated immunophenotype” approach. Limitations of MFC-based MRD analyses include the lack of standardization, the reliance on a high-quality marrow aspirate, and variable sensitivity. Emerging techniques that look to improve the detection of leukemic cells use dimensional reduction analysis, incorporating more leukemia specific markers and identifying leukemic stem cells. This review will discuss current methods together with new and emerging techniques to determine the role of MFC MRD analysis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:25:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dcfc0bce1f1247cfae351cb0081c98cf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:25:12Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-dcfc0bce1f1247cfae351cb0081c98cf2023-11-20T02:40:59ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832020-06-0196171410.3390/jcm9061714Measurable Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using Flow Cytometry: A Review of Where We Are and Where We Are GoingCaroline Dix0Tsun-Ho Lo1Georgina Clark2Edward Abadir3Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, AustraliaDendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW 2139, AustraliaDendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW 2139, AustraliaInstitute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, AustraliaThe detection of measurable residual disease (MRD) has become a key investigation that plays a role in the prognostication and management of several hematologic malignancies. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults and the role of MRD in AML is still emerging. Prognostic markers are complex, largely based upon genetic and cytogenetic aberrations. MRD is now being incorporated into prognostic models and is a powerful predictor of relapse. While PCR-based MRD methods are sensitive and specific, many patients do not have an identifiable molecular marker. Immunophenotypic MRD methods using multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) are widely applicable, and are based on the identification of surface marker combinations that are present on leukemic cells but not normal hematopoietic cells. Current techniques include a “different from normal” and/or a “leukemia-associated immunophenotype” approach. Limitations of MFC-based MRD analyses include the lack of standardization, the reliance on a high-quality marrow aspirate, and variable sensitivity. Emerging techniques that look to improve the detection of leukemic cells use dimensional reduction analysis, incorporating more leukemia specific markers and identifying leukemic stem cells. This review will discuss current methods together with new and emerging techniques to determine the role of MFC MRD analysis.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/6/1714Acute myeloid leukemiameasurable residual disease (MRD)immunophenotype |
| spellingShingle | Caroline Dix Tsun-Ho Lo Georgina Clark Edward Abadir Measurable Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using Flow Cytometry: A Review of Where We Are and Where We Are Going Journal of Clinical Medicine Acute myeloid leukemia measurable residual disease (MRD) immunophenotype |
| title | Measurable Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using Flow Cytometry: A Review of Where We Are and Where We Are Going |
| title_full | Measurable Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using Flow Cytometry: A Review of Where We Are and Where We Are Going |
| title_fullStr | Measurable Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using Flow Cytometry: A Review of Where We Are and Where We Are Going |
| title_full_unstemmed | Measurable Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using Flow Cytometry: A Review of Where We Are and Where We Are Going |
| title_short | Measurable Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using Flow Cytometry: A Review of Where We Are and Where We Are Going |
| title_sort | measurable residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia using flow cytometry a review of where we are and where we are going |
| topic | Acute myeloid leukemia measurable residual disease (MRD) immunophenotype |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/6/1714 |
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