Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond Aesthetics
Anthocyanins are polyphenol compounds that render various hues of pink, red, purple, and blue in flowers, vegetables, and fruits. Anthocyanins also play significant roles in plant propagation, ecophysiology, and plant defense mechanisms. Structurally, anthocyanins are anthocyanidins modified by suga...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/23/5500 |
| _version_ | 1827701585568858112 |
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| author | Bindhu Alappat Jayaraj Alappat |
| author_facet | Bindhu Alappat Jayaraj Alappat |
| author_sort | Bindhu Alappat |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Anthocyanins are polyphenol compounds that render various hues of pink, red, purple, and blue in flowers, vegetables, and fruits. Anthocyanins also play significant roles in plant propagation, ecophysiology, and plant defense mechanisms. Structurally, anthocyanins are anthocyanidins modified by sugars and acyl acids. Anthocyanin colors are susceptible to pH, light, temperatures, and metal ions. The stability of anthocyanins is controlled by various factors, including inter and intramolecular complexations. Chromatographic and spectrometric methods have been extensively used for the extraction, isolation, and identification of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins play a major role in the pharmaceutical; nutraceutical; and food coloring, flavoring, and preserving industries. Research in these areas has not satisfied the urge for natural and sustainable colors and supplemental products. The lability of anthocyanins under various formulated conditions is the primary reason for this delay. New gene editing technologies to modify anthocyanin structures in vivo and the structural modification of anthocyanin via semi-synthetic methods offer new opportunities in this area. This review focusses on the biogenetics of anthocyanins; their colors, structural modifications, and stability; their various applications in human health and welfare; and advances in the field. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:37:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dd10deb0d4f24715b81b18ebbf8ac9b1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:37:23Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-dd10deb0d4f24715b81b18ebbf8ac9b12023-11-20T22:06:59ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-11-012523550010.3390/molecules25235500Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond AestheticsBindhu Alappat0Jayaraj Alappat1Warde Academic Center, St. Xavier University, 3700 W 103rd St, Chicago, IL 60655, USAWarde Academic Center, St. Xavier University, 3700 W 103rd St, Chicago, IL 60655, USAAnthocyanins are polyphenol compounds that render various hues of pink, red, purple, and blue in flowers, vegetables, and fruits. Anthocyanins also play significant roles in plant propagation, ecophysiology, and plant defense mechanisms. Structurally, anthocyanins are anthocyanidins modified by sugars and acyl acids. Anthocyanin colors are susceptible to pH, light, temperatures, and metal ions. The stability of anthocyanins is controlled by various factors, including inter and intramolecular complexations. Chromatographic and spectrometric methods have been extensively used for the extraction, isolation, and identification of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins play a major role in the pharmaceutical; nutraceutical; and food coloring, flavoring, and preserving industries. Research in these areas has not satisfied the urge for natural and sustainable colors and supplemental products. The lability of anthocyanins under various formulated conditions is the primary reason for this delay. New gene editing technologies to modify anthocyanin structures in vivo and the structural modification of anthocyanin via semi-synthetic methods offer new opportunities in this area. This review focusses on the biogenetics of anthocyanins; their colors, structural modifications, and stability; their various applications in human health and welfare; and advances in the field.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/23/5500anthocyaninsanthocyanidinsbiogeneticspolyphenolsflavonoidsplant pigments |
| spellingShingle | Bindhu Alappat Jayaraj Alappat Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond Aesthetics Molecules anthocyanins anthocyanidins biogenetics polyphenols flavonoids plant pigments |
| title | Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond Aesthetics |
| title_full | Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond Aesthetics |
| title_fullStr | Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond Aesthetics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond Aesthetics |
| title_short | Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond Aesthetics |
| title_sort | anthocyanin pigments beyond aesthetics |
| topic | anthocyanins anthocyanidins biogenetics polyphenols flavonoids plant pigments |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/23/5500 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bindhualappat anthocyaninpigmentsbeyondaesthetics AT jayarajalappat anthocyaninpigmentsbeyondaesthetics |