Cardiovascular Risk Stratification in Diabetic Retinopathy via Atherosclerotic Pathway in COVID-19/Non-COVID-19 Frameworks Using Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Narrative Review

Cardiovascular Risk Stratification in Diabetic Retinopathy via Atherosclerotic Pathway in COVID-19/Non-COVID-19 Frameworks Using Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Narrative Review

Diabetes is one of the main causes of the rising cases of blindness in adults. This microvascular complication of diabetes is termed diabetic retinopathy (DR) and is associated with an expanding risk of cardiovascular events in diabetes patients. DR, in its various forms, is seen to be a powerful in...

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Main Authors: Smiksha Munjral, Mahesh Maindarkar, Puneet Ahluwalia, Anudeep Puvvula, Ankush Jamthikar, Tanay Jujaray, Neha Suri, Sudip Paul, Rajesh Pathak, Luca Saba, Renoh Johnson Chalakkal, Suneet Gupta, Gavino Faa, Inder M. Singh, Paramjit S. Chadha, Monika Turk, Amer M. Johri, Narendra N. Khanna, Klaudija Viskovic, Sophie Mavrogeni, John R. Laird, Gyan Pareek, Martin Miner, David W. Sobel, Antonella Balestrieri, Petros P. Sfikakis, George Tsoulfas, Athanasios Protogerou, Durga Prasanna Misra, Vikas Agarwal, George D. Kitas, Raghu Kolluri, Jagjit Teji, Mustafa Al-Maini, Surinder K. Dhanjil, Meyypan Sockalingam, Ajit Saxena, Aditya Sharma, Vijay Rathore, Mostafa Fatemi, Azra Alizad, Vijay Viswanathan, Padukode R. Krishnan, Tomaz Omerzu, Subbaram Naidu, Andrew Nicolaides, Mostafa M. Fouda, Jasjit S. Suri
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2022-05-01
Series:Diagnostics
Subjects:
diabetic retinopathy
atherosclerosis
cardiovascular disease
surrogate biomarkers
artificial intelligence
risk stratification
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/5/1234

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