Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in the Ileum and Colon of Gnotobiotic Piglets Infected with <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium or Its Isogenic ∆<i>rfa</i> Mutants
<i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes enterocolitis in humans and pigs. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer leaflet of Gram-negative bacteria that provokes endotoxin shock. LPS can be synthesized completely or incompletely and creates S (...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-08-01
|
| Series: | Toxins |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/9/545 |
| _version_ | 1797556192086589440 |
|---|---|
| author | Igor Splichal Ivan Rychlik Iva Splichalova Daniela Karasova Alla Splichalova |
| author_facet | Igor Splichal Ivan Rychlik Iva Splichalova Daniela Karasova Alla Splichalova |
| author_sort | Igor Splichal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes enterocolitis in humans and pigs. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer leaflet of Gram-negative bacteria that provokes endotoxin shock. LPS can be synthesized completely or incompletely and creates S (smooth) or R (rough) chemotypes. Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, 4, and 9 initiate an inflammatory reaction to combat bacterial infections. We associated/challenged one-week-old gnotobiotic piglets with wild-type <i>S.</i> Typhimurium with S chemotype or its isogenic ∆<i>rfa</i> mutants with R chemotype LPS. The wild-type <i>S.</i> Typhimurium induced TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression but not TLR9 mRNA expression in the ileum and colon of one-week-old gnotobiotic piglets 24 h after challenge. The TLR2 and TLR4 stimulatory effects of the <i>S.</i> Typhimurium ∆<i>rfa</i> mutants were related to the completeness of their LPS chain. The transcription of IL-12/23 p40, IFN-γ, and IL-6 in the intestine and the intestinal and plasmatic levels of IL-12/23 p40 and IL-6 but not IFN-γ were related to the activation of TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. The avirulent <i>S</i>. Typhimurium ∆<i>rfa</i> mutants are potentially useful for modulation of the TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways to protect the immunocompromised gnotobiotic piglets against subsequent infection with the virulent <i>S.</i> Typhimurium. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:58:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dd29a12704a141ac9393f1f36f4b1e6b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:58:24Z |
| publishDate | 2020-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-dd29a12704a141ac9393f1f36f4b1e6b2023-11-20T11:04:03ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512020-08-0112954510.3390/toxins12090545Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in the Ileum and Colon of Gnotobiotic Piglets Infected with <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium or Its Isogenic ∆<i>rfa</i> MutantsIgor Splichal0Ivan Rychlik1Iva Splichalova2Daniela Karasova3Alla Splichalova4Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech RepublicDepartment of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech RepublicLaboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4-Krc, Czech RepublicDepartment of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech RepublicLaboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic<i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes enterocolitis in humans and pigs. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer leaflet of Gram-negative bacteria that provokes endotoxin shock. LPS can be synthesized completely or incompletely and creates S (smooth) or R (rough) chemotypes. Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, 4, and 9 initiate an inflammatory reaction to combat bacterial infections. We associated/challenged one-week-old gnotobiotic piglets with wild-type <i>S.</i> Typhimurium with S chemotype or its isogenic ∆<i>rfa</i> mutants with R chemotype LPS. The wild-type <i>S.</i> Typhimurium induced TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression but not TLR9 mRNA expression in the ileum and colon of one-week-old gnotobiotic piglets 24 h after challenge. The TLR2 and TLR4 stimulatory effects of the <i>S.</i> Typhimurium ∆<i>rfa</i> mutants were related to the completeness of their LPS chain. The transcription of IL-12/23 p40, IFN-γ, and IL-6 in the intestine and the intestinal and plasmatic levels of IL-12/23 p40 and IL-6 but not IFN-γ were related to the activation of TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. The avirulent <i>S</i>. Typhimurium ∆<i>rfa</i> mutants are potentially useful for modulation of the TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways to protect the immunocompromised gnotobiotic piglets against subsequent infection with the virulent <i>S.</i> Typhimurium.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/9/545lipopolysaccharidechemotypeendotoxintoll-like receptor 4<i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium∆<i>rfa</i> mutant |
| spellingShingle | Igor Splichal Ivan Rychlik Iva Splichalova Daniela Karasova Alla Splichalova Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in the Ileum and Colon of Gnotobiotic Piglets Infected with <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium or Its Isogenic ∆<i>rfa</i> Mutants Toxins lipopolysaccharide chemotype endotoxin toll-like receptor 4 <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium ∆<i>rfa</i> mutant |
| title | Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in the Ileum and Colon of Gnotobiotic Piglets Infected with <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium or Its Isogenic ∆<i>rfa</i> Mutants |
| title_full | Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in the Ileum and Colon of Gnotobiotic Piglets Infected with <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium or Its Isogenic ∆<i>rfa</i> Mutants |
| title_fullStr | Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in the Ileum and Colon of Gnotobiotic Piglets Infected with <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium or Its Isogenic ∆<i>rfa</i> Mutants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in the Ileum and Colon of Gnotobiotic Piglets Infected with <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium or Its Isogenic ∆<i>rfa</i> Mutants |
| title_short | Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in the Ileum and Colon of Gnotobiotic Piglets Infected with <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium or Its Isogenic ∆<i>rfa</i> Mutants |
| title_sort | toll like receptor 4 signaling in the ileum and colon of gnotobiotic piglets infected with i salmonella i typhimurium or its isogenic ∆ i rfa i mutants |
| topic | lipopolysaccharide chemotype endotoxin toll-like receptor 4 <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium ∆<i>rfa</i> mutant |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/9/545 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT igorsplichal tolllikereceptor4signalingintheileumandcolonofgnotobioticpigletsinfectedwithisalmonellaityphimuriumoritsisogenicirfaimutants AT ivanrychlik tolllikereceptor4signalingintheileumandcolonofgnotobioticpigletsinfectedwithisalmonellaityphimuriumoritsisogenicirfaimutants AT ivasplichalova tolllikereceptor4signalingintheileumandcolonofgnotobioticpigletsinfectedwithisalmonellaityphimuriumoritsisogenicirfaimutants AT danielakarasova tolllikereceptor4signalingintheileumandcolonofgnotobioticpigletsinfectedwithisalmonellaityphimuriumoritsisogenicirfaimutants AT allasplichalova tolllikereceptor4signalingintheileumandcolonofgnotobioticpigletsinfectedwithisalmonellaityphimuriumoritsisogenicirfaimutants |