Manganese Accumulation in the Brain via Various Transporters and Its Neurotoxicity Mechanisms
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, serving as a cofactor for several key enzymes, such as glutamine synthetase, arginase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. However, its chronic overexposure can result in a neurological disorder referred to as manganism, prese...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/24/5880 |
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| author | Ivan Nyarko-Danquah Edward Pajarillo Alexis Digman Karam F. A. Soliman Michael Aschner Eunsook Lee |
| author_facet | Ivan Nyarko-Danquah Edward Pajarillo Alexis Digman Karam F. A. Soliman Michael Aschner Eunsook Lee |
| author_sort | Ivan Nyarko-Danquah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, serving as a cofactor for several key enzymes, such as glutamine synthetase, arginase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. However, its chronic overexposure can result in a neurological disorder referred to as manganism, presenting symptoms similar to those inherent to Parkinson’s disease. The pathological symptoms of Mn-induced toxicity are well-known, but the underlying mechanisms of Mn transport to the brain and cellular toxicity leading to Mn’s neurotoxicity are not completely understood. Mn’s levels in the brain are regulated by multiple transporters responsible for its uptake and efflux, and thus, dysregulation of these transporters may result in Mn accumulation in the brain, causing neurotoxicity. Its distribution and subcellular localization in the brain and associated subcellular toxicity mechanisms have also been extensively studied. This review highlights the presently known Mn transporters and their roles in Mn-induced neurotoxicity, as well as subsequent molecular and cellular dysregulation upon its intracellular uptakes, such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, disruption of neurotransmission, α-synuclein aggregation, and amyloidogenesis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:08:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dd43f7dbccf94c8c8cb7a1cd406d7f2d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:08:16Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-dd43f7dbccf94c8c8cb7a1cd406d7f2d2023-11-21T00:30:11ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-12-012524588010.3390/molecules25245880Manganese Accumulation in the Brain via Various Transporters and Its Neurotoxicity MechanismsIvan Nyarko-Danquah0Edward Pajarillo1Alexis Digman2Karam F. A. Soliman3Michael Aschner4Eunsook Lee5Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USADivision of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USADivision of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USADivision of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USADepartment of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USADivision of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USAManganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, serving as a cofactor for several key enzymes, such as glutamine synthetase, arginase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. However, its chronic overexposure can result in a neurological disorder referred to as manganism, presenting symptoms similar to those inherent to Parkinson’s disease. The pathological symptoms of Mn-induced toxicity are well-known, but the underlying mechanisms of Mn transport to the brain and cellular toxicity leading to Mn’s neurotoxicity are not completely understood. Mn’s levels in the brain are regulated by multiple transporters responsible for its uptake and efflux, and thus, dysregulation of these transporters may result in Mn accumulation in the brain, causing neurotoxicity. Its distribution and subcellular localization in the brain and associated subcellular toxicity mechanisms have also been extensively studied. This review highlights the presently known Mn transporters and their roles in Mn-induced neurotoxicity, as well as subsequent molecular and cellular dysregulation upon its intracellular uptakes, such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, disruption of neurotransmission, α-synuclein aggregation, and amyloidogenesis.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/24/5880manganeseDMT1ZIP4ZIP8oxidative stressinflammation |
| spellingShingle | Ivan Nyarko-Danquah Edward Pajarillo Alexis Digman Karam F. A. Soliman Michael Aschner Eunsook Lee Manganese Accumulation in the Brain via Various Transporters and Its Neurotoxicity Mechanisms Molecules manganese DMT1 ZIP4 ZIP8 oxidative stress inflammation |
| title | Manganese Accumulation in the Brain via Various Transporters and Its Neurotoxicity Mechanisms |
| title_full | Manganese Accumulation in the Brain via Various Transporters and Its Neurotoxicity Mechanisms |
| title_fullStr | Manganese Accumulation in the Brain via Various Transporters and Its Neurotoxicity Mechanisms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Manganese Accumulation in the Brain via Various Transporters and Its Neurotoxicity Mechanisms |
| title_short | Manganese Accumulation in the Brain via Various Transporters and Its Neurotoxicity Mechanisms |
| title_sort | manganese accumulation in the brain via various transporters and its neurotoxicity mechanisms |
| topic | manganese DMT1 ZIP4 ZIP8 oxidative stress inflammation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/24/5880 |
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