Evidence of Neuroplastic Changes after Transcranial Magnetic, Electric, and Deep Brain Stimulation
Electric and magnetic stimulation of the human brain can be used to excite or inhibit neurons. Numerous methods have been designed over the years for this purpose with various advantages and disadvantages that are the topic of this review. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the most direct and focal ap...
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Brain Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/7/929 |
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| author | Julius Kricheldorff Katharina Göke Maximilian Kiebs Florian H. Kasten Christoph S. Herrmann Karsten Witt Rene Hurlemann |
| author_facet | Julius Kricheldorff Katharina Göke Maximilian Kiebs Florian H. Kasten Christoph S. Herrmann Karsten Witt Rene Hurlemann |
| author_sort | Julius Kricheldorff |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Electric and magnetic stimulation of the human brain can be used to excite or inhibit neurons. Numerous methods have been designed over the years for this purpose with various advantages and disadvantages that are the topic of this review. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the most direct and focal application of electric impulses to brain tissue. Electrodes are placed in the brain in order to modulate neural activity and to correct parameters of pathological oscillation in brain circuits such as their amplitude or frequency. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive alternative with the stimulator generating a magnetic field in a coil over the scalp that induces an electric field in the brain which, in turn, interacts with ongoing brain activity. Depending upon stimulation parameters, excitation and inhibition can be achieved. Transcranial electric stimulation (tES) applies electric fields to the scalp that spread along the skull in order to reach the brain, thus, limiting current strength to avoid skin sensations and cranial muscle pain. Therefore, tES can only modulate brain activity and is considered subthreshold, i.e., it does not directly elicit neuronal action potentials. In this review, we collect hints for neuroplastic changes such as modulation of behavior, the electric activity of the brain, or the evolution of clinical signs and symptoms in response to stimulation. Possible mechanisms are discussed, and future paradigms are suggested. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:38:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dd86ba070be6441db423189a23bb928d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:38:52Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-dd86ba070be6441db423189a23bb928d2023-12-03T14:45:27ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252022-07-0112792910.3390/brainsci12070929Evidence of Neuroplastic Changes after Transcranial Magnetic, Electric, and Deep Brain StimulationJulius Kricheldorff0Katharina Göke1Maximilian Kiebs2Florian H. Kasten3Christoph S. Herrmann4Karsten Witt5Rene Hurlemann6Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129 Oldenburg, GermanyDivision of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, GermanyDivision of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, GermanyExperimental Psychology Lab, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129 Oldenburg, GermanyExperimental Psychology Lab, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129 Oldenburg, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129 Oldenburg, GermanyDivision of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, GermanyElectric and magnetic stimulation of the human brain can be used to excite or inhibit neurons. Numerous methods have been designed over the years for this purpose with various advantages and disadvantages that are the topic of this review. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the most direct and focal application of electric impulses to brain tissue. Electrodes are placed in the brain in order to modulate neural activity and to correct parameters of pathological oscillation in brain circuits such as their amplitude or frequency. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive alternative with the stimulator generating a magnetic field in a coil over the scalp that induces an electric field in the brain which, in turn, interacts with ongoing brain activity. Depending upon stimulation parameters, excitation and inhibition can be achieved. Transcranial electric stimulation (tES) applies electric fields to the scalp that spread along the skull in order to reach the brain, thus, limiting current strength to avoid skin sensations and cranial muscle pain. Therefore, tES can only modulate brain activity and is considered subthreshold, i.e., it does not directly elicit neuronal action potentials. In this review, we collect hints for neuroplastic changes such as modulation of behavior, the electric activity of the brain, or the evolution of clinical signs and symptoms in response to stimulation. Possible mechanisms are discussed, and future paradigms are suggested.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/7/929deep brain stimulation (DBS)transcranial electric stimulation (tES)transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)neuroplasticityelectroencephalography (EEG) |
| spellingShingle | Julius Kricheldorff Katharina Göke Maximilian Kiebs Florian H. Kasten Christoph S. Herrmann Karsten Witt Rene Hurlemann Evidence of Neuroplastic Changes after Transcranial Magnetic, Electric, and Deep Brain Stimulation Brain Sciences deep brain stimulation (DBS) transcranial electric stimulation (tES) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) neuroplasticity electroencephalography (EEG) |
| title | Evidence of Neuroplastic Changes after Transcranial Magnetic, Electric, and Deep Brain Stimulation |
| title_full | Evidence of Neuroplastic Changes after Transcranial Magnetic, Electric, and Deep Brain Stimulation |
| title_fullStr | Evidence of Neuroplastic Changes after Transcranial Magnetic, Electric, and Deep Brain Stimulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evidence of Neuroplastic Changes after Transcranial Magnetic, Electric, and Deep Brain Stimulation |
| title_short | Evidence of Neuroplastic Changes after Transcranial Magnetic, Electric, and Deep Brain Stimulation |
| title_sort | evidence of neuroplastic changes after transcranial magnetic electric and deep brain stimulation |
| topic | deep brain stimulation (DBS) transcranial electric stimulation (tES) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) neuroplasticity electroencephalography (EEG) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/7/929 |
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