The Sharma–Mittal Model’s Implications on FRW Universe in Chern–Simons Gravity
The Sharma–Mittal holographic dark energy model is investigated in this paper using the Chern–Simons modified gravity theory. We investigate several cosmic parameters, including the deceleration, equation of state, square of sound speed, and energy density. According to the deceleration parameter, t...
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2021-11-01
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| author | Sarfraz Ali Muhammad Hummad Waheed Muhammad Imran Asjad Khuram Ali Khan Thanin Sitthiwirattham Chanon Promsakon |
| author_facet | Sarfraz Ali Muhammad Hummad Waheed Muhammad Imran Asjad Khuram Ali Khan Thanin Sitthiwirattham Chanon Promsakon |
| author_sort | Sarfraz Ali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Sharma–Mittal holographic dark energy model is investigated in this paper using the Chern–Simons modified gravity theory. We investigate several cosmic parameters, including the deceleration, equation of state, square of sound speed, and energy density. According to the deceleration parameter, the universe is in an decelerating and expanding phase known as de Sitter expansion. The Sharma–Mittal HDE model supports a deceleration to acceleration transition that is compatible with the observational data. The EoS depicts the universe’s dominance era through a number of components, such as <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>ω</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac></semantics></math></inline-formula>, 1, which indicate that the universe is influenced by dust, radiation, and stiff fluid, while <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo><</mo><mi>ω</mi><mo><</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>ω</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>ω</mi><mo><</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> are conditions for quintessence DE, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>CDM, and Phantom era dominance. Our findings indicate that the universe is in an accelerated expansion phase, and this is similar to the observational data. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:00:37Z |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 2218-1997 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:00:37Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-dd9250c1058f4a3a9079e7deb64335e52023-11-23T01:50:30ZengMDPI AGUniverse2218-19972021-11-0171142810.3390/universe7110428The Sharma–Mittal Model’s Implications on FRW Universe in Chern–Simons GravitySarfraz Ali0Muhammad Hummad Waheed1Muhammad Imran Asjad2Khuram Ali Khan3Thanin Sitthiwirattham4Chanon Promsakon5Department of Mathematics, University of Education, Lahore 54700, PakistanRiphah International University Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Mathematics, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Lahore 54770, PakistanDepartment of Mathematics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 38000, PakistanMathematics Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Dusit University, Bangkok 10300, ThailandDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, ThailandThe Sharma–Mittal holographic dark energy model is investigated in this paper using the Chern–Simons modified gravity theory. We investigate several cosmic parameters, including the deceleration, equation of state, square of sound speed, and energy density. According to the deceleration parameter, the universe is in an decelerating and expanding phase known as de Sitter expansion. The Sharma–Mittal HDE model supports a deceleration to acceleration transition that is compatible with the observational data. The EoS depicts the universe’s dominance era through a number of components, such as <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>ω</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac></semantics></math></inline-formula>, 1, which indicate that the universe is influenced by dust, radiation, and stiff fluid, while <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo><</mo><mi>ω</mi><mo><</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>ω</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>ω</mi><mo><</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> are conditions for quintessence DE, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>CDM, and Phantom era dominance. Our findings indicate that the universe is in an accelerated expansion phase, and this is similar to the observational data.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/7/11/428Sharma–Mittal HDE modelFRW universeChern–Simons modified gravity |
| spellingShingle | Sarfraz Ali Muhammad Hummad Waheed Muhammad Imran Asjad Khuram Ali Khan Thanin Sitthiwirattham Chanon Promsakon The Sharma–Mittal Model’s Implications on FRW Universe in Chern–Simons Gravity Universe Sharma–Mittal HDE model FRW universe Chern–Simons modified gravity |
| title | The Sharma–Mittal Model’s Implications on FRW Universe in Chern–Simons Gravity |
| title_full | The Sharma–Mittal Model’s Implications on FRW Universe in Chern–Simons Gravity |
| title_fullStr | The Sharma–Mittal Model’s Implications on FRW Universe in Chern–Simons Gravity |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Sharma–Mittal Model’s Implications on FRW Universe in Chern–Simons Gravity |
| title_short | The Sharma–Mittal Model’s Implications on FRW Universe in Chern–Simons Gravity |
| title_sort | sharma mittal model s implications on frw universe in chern simons gravity |
| topic | Sharma–Mittal HDE model FRW universe Chern–Simons modified gravity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/7/11/428 |
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