Enhanced Enzymatic Degradability of Livestock Blood Pretreated with Ultrasonic Technique
Livestock blood, a major organic waste generated by the livestock industry, poses a risk of pollution due to its rapid decomposition. However, it is a potential protein source for agricultural purposes due to its protein-rich organic matter. In this study, we conducted studies on an eco-friendly, sc...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-02-01
|
| Series: | Applied Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/4/1676 |
| _version_ | 1797298989563904000 |
|---|---|
| author | Mi-Jin Jeon Yong-Woo Jeon |
| author_facet | Mi-Jin Jeon Yong-Woo Jeon |
| author_sort | Mi-Jin Jeon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Livestock blood, a major organic waste generated by the livestock industry, poses a risk of pollution due to its rapid decomposition. However, it is a potential protein source for agricultural purposes due to its protein-rich organic matter. In this study, we conducted studies on an eco-friendly, scalable, and effective protein degradation process using livestock blood to reduce waste and produce an amino acid liquid fertilizer that can be recycled for agricultural use. Ultrasonic technology was applied as a pretreatment method to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of proteins in livestock blood, and the optimal conditions that led to 95.91% solubilization rate of hemoglobin were ultrasound duration for 30 min at an ultrasound density of 0.5 W/mL. As a result of hydrolyzing ultrasonically pretreated blood by mixing exo- and endo-type proteolytic enzymes, the optimal combination was a mixture of Savinase<sup>®</sup> 1% and Flavourzyme<sup>®</sup> 1%. After 4 h of reaction, the protein concentration was 27.8 mg/mL and the amino acid concentration was confirmed to be 54.6 mg/mL. This is about 4.2 times higher than the amino acid concentration of blood without ultrasound pretreatment, 13.1 mg/mL, and it was confirmed that sonication has a significant effect on improving protein degradation efficiency. As protein degradation increased, the viscosity of blood gradually decreased, suggesting that the physical force applied to the agitator torque diminished during the enzyme reaction; a significant correlation between protein and amino acid concentrations (biological factors) and torque (mechanical factor) was observed. Measuring torque during an enzyme reaction can confirm the extent of the enzyme reaction, so it can be used as an indicator of reaction progress when scaling up the process in the future. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:44:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-dd94753556274e81b73b0221fa2a4492 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:44:01Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-dd94753556274e81b73b0221fa2a44922024-02-23T15:06:46ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172024-02-01144167610.3390/app14041676Enhanced Enzymatic Degradability of Livestock Blood Pretreated with Ultrasonic TechniqueMi-Jin Jeon0Yong-Woo Jeon1Environmental Technology Division, Korea Testing Laboratory, Seoul 08389, Republic of KoreaEnvironmental Technology Division, Korea Testing Laboratory, Seoul 08389, Republic of KoreaLivestock blood, a major organic waste generated by the livestock industry, poses a risk of pollution due to its rapid decomposition. However, it is a potential protein source for agricultural purposes due to its protein-rich organic matter. In this study, we conducted studies on an eco-friendly, scalable, and effective protein degradation process using livestock blood to reduce waste and produce an amino acid liquid fertilizer that can be recycled for agricultural use. Ultrasonic technology was applied as a pretreatment method to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of proteins in livestock blood, and the optimal conditions that led to 95.91% solubilization rate of hemoglobin were ultrasound duration for 30 min at an ultrasound density of 0.5 W/mL. As a result of hydrolyzing ultrasonically pretreated blood by mixing exo- and endo-type proteolytic enzymes, the optimal combination was a mixture of Savinase<sup>®</sup> 1% and Flavourzyme<sup>®</sup> 1%. After 4 h of reaction, the protein concentration was 27.8 mg/mL and the amino acid concentration was confirmed to be 54.6 mg/mL. This is about 4.2 times higher than the amino acid concentration of blood without ultrasound pretreatment, 13.1 mg/mL, and it was confirmed that sonication has a significant effect on improving protein degradation efficiency. As protein degradation increased, the viscosity of blood gradually decreased, suggesting that the physical force applied to the agitator torque diminished during the enzyme reaction; a significant correlation between protein and amino acid concentrations (biological factors) and torque (mechanical factor) was observed. Measuring torque during an enzyme reaction can confirm the extent of the enzyme reaction, so it can be used as an indicator of reaction progress when scaling up the process in the future.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/4/1676livestock bloodultrasonic solubilizationenzymatic degradationamino acid liquid fertilizer |
| spellingShingle | Mi-Jin Jeon Yong-Woo Jeon Enhanced Enzymatic Degradability of Livestock Blood Pretreated with Ultrasonic Technique Applied Sciences livestock blood ultrasonic solubilization enzymatic degradation amino acid liquid fertilizer |
| title | Enhanced Enzymatic Degradability of Livestock Blood Pretreated with Ultrasonic Technique |
| title_full | Enhanced Enzymatic Degradability of Livestock Blood Pretreated with Ultrasonic Technique |
| title_fullStr | Enhanced Enzymatic Degradability of Livestock Blood Pretreated with Ultrasonic Technique |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhanced Enzymatic Degradability of Livestock Blood Pretreated with Ultrasonic Technique |
| title_short | Enhanced Enzymatic Degradability of Livestock Blood Pretreated with Ultrasonic Technique |
| title_sort | enhanced enzymatic degradability of livestock blood pretreated with ultrasonic technique |
| topic | livestock blood ultrasonic solubilization enzymatic degradation amino acid liquid fertilizer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/4/1676 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mijinjeon enhancedenzymaticdegradabilityoflivestockbloodpretreatedwithultrasonictechnique AT yongwoojeon enhancedenzymaticdegradabilityoflivestockbloodpretreatedwithultrasonictechnique |