Waist-to-height ratio is a simple and practical alternative to waist circumference to diagnose metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes
BackgroundAs an indicator of abdominal obesity, waist circumference (WC) varied with race and gender in diagnosing metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, it is clinically important to find an alternative indicator of abdominal obesity independent of these factors to diagnose MetS. Our aims were to ev...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.986090/full |
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| author | Yi-Lin Ma Chun-Hua Jin Cui-Chun Zhao Jiang-Feng Ke Jun-Wei Wang Yu-Jie Wang Jun-Xi Lu Gao-Zhong Huang Lian-Xi Li |
| author_facet | Yi-Lin Ma Chun-Hua Jin Cui-Chun Zhao Jiang-Feng Ke Jun-Wei Wang Yu-Jie Wang Jun-Xi Lu Gao-Zhong Huang Lian-Xi Li |
| author_sort | Yi-Lin Ma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundAs an indicator of abdominal obesity, waist circumference (WC) varied with race and gender in diagnosing metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, it is clinically important to find an alternative indicator of abdominal obesity independent of these factors to diagnose MetS. Our aims were to evaluate the association between waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and MetS and further determine whether WHtR could be used as a simple and practical alternative to WC to diagnose MetS in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThis cross-sectional, real-world study recruited 8488 hospitalized T2DM patients including 3719 women (43.8%) aged from 18 to 94 years and 4769 men (56.2%) aged from 18 to 91 years. A WHtR cut-off of 0.52 was used to diagnose MetS in both men and women T2DM patients based on our previous study. The association of WHtR with MetS in T2DM patients was analyzed by binary logistic regression. The consistency of two diagnostic criteria for MetS according to WC and WHtR was determined by Kappa test.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS according to WHtR was 79.4% in women and 68.6% in men T2DM patients, which was very close to the prevalence of MetS according to WC in both women (82.6%) and men (68.3%). The prevalence of MetS diagnosed by WC in both men and women with WHtR ≥ 0.52 was significantly higher than in those with WHtR < 0.52 after adjustment for age and duration of diabetes (89.2 vs. 38.7% for men; 92.8 vs. 57.4% for women; respectively, all p < 0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis displayed that after adjusting for confounding factors, WHtR was significantly associated with the presence of MetS in both men and women (men: OR = 4.821, 95% CI: 3.949–5.885; women: OR = 3.096, 95% CI: 2.484–3.860; respectively, all p < 0.001). Kappa test revealed that there was an excellent consistency between the diagnosis of MetS based on WC and on WHtR in T2DM patients (men: kappa value = 0.929, 95% CI: 0.918–0.940; women: kappa value = 0.874, 95% CI: 0.854–0.894; total: kappa value = 0.911, 95% CI: 0.901–0.921; respectively, all p < 0.001).ConclusionWHtR is independently associated with the presence of MetS and can be used as a simple and practical alternative to WC to diagnose MetS regardless of gender in T2DM patients. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:55:53Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-dd9bc3d166bd4760bfd387c620d61ac02022-12-22T03:58:25ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2022-11-01910.3389/fnut.2022.986090986090Waist-to-height ratio is a simple and practical alternative to waist circumference to diagnose metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetesYi-Lin Ma0Chun-Hua Jin1Cui-Chun Zhao2Jiang-Feng Ke3Jun-Wei Wang4Yu-Jie Wang5Jun-Xi Lu6Gao-Zhong Huang7Lian-Xi Li8Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of VIP, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of VIP, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, ChinaBackgroundAs an indicator of abdominal obesity, waist circumference (WC) varied with race and gender in diagnosing metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, it is clinically important to find an alternative indicator of abdominal obesity independent of these factors to diagnose MetS. Our aims were to evaluate the association between waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and MetS and further determine whether WHtR could be used as a simple and practical alternative to WC to diagnose MetS in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThis cross-sectional, real-world study recruited 8488 hospitalized T2DM patients including 3719 women (43.8%) aged from 18 to 94 years and 4769 men (56.2%) aged from 18 to 91 years. A WHtR cut-off of 0.52 was used to diagnose MetS in both men and women T2DM patients based on our previous study. The association of WHtR with MetS in T2DM patients was analyzed by binary logistic regression. The consistency of two diagnostic criteria for MetS according to WC and WHtR was determined by Kappa test.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS according to WHtR was 79.4% in women and 68.6% in men T2DM patients, which was very close to the prevalence of MetS according to WC in both women (82.6%) and men (68.3%). The prevalence of MetS diagnosed by WC in both men and women with WHtR ≥ 0.52 was significantly higher than in those with WHtR < 0.52 after adjustment for age and duration of diabetes (89.2 vs. 38.7% for men; 92.8 vs. 57.4% for women; respectively, all p < 0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis displayed that after adjusting for confounding factors, WHtR was significantly associated with the presence of MetS in both men and women (men: OR = 4.821, 95% CI: 3.949–5.885; women: OR = 3.096, 95% CI: 2.484–3.860; respectively, all p < 0.001). Kappa test revealed that there was an excellent consistency between the diagnosis of MetS based on WC and on WHtR in T2DM patients (men: kappa value = 0.929, 95% CI: 0.918–0.940; women: kappa value = 0.874, 95% CI: 0.854–0.894; total: kappa value = 0.911, 95% CI: 0.901–0.921; respectively, all p < 0.001).ConclusionWHtR is independently associated with the presence of MetS and can be used as a simple and practical alternative to WC to diagnose MetS regardless of gender in T2DM patients.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.986090/fullmetabolic syndromewaist-to-height ratiotype 2 diabetes mellituswaist circumferenceinsulin resistance |
| spellingShingle | Yi-Lin Ma Chun-Hua Jin Cui-Chun Zhao Jiang-Feng Ke Jun-Wei Wang Yu-Jie Wang Jun-Xi Lu Gao-Zhong Huang Lian-Xi Li Waist-to-height ratio is a simple and practical alternative to waist circumference to diagnose metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes Frontiers in Nutrition metabolic syndrome waist-to-height ratio type 2 diabetes mellitus waist circumference insulin resistance |
| title | Waist-to-height ratio is a simple and practical alternative to waist circumference to diagnose metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes |
| title_full | Waist-to-height ratio is a simple and practical alternative to waist circumference to diagnose metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes |
| title_fullStr | Waist-to-height ratio is a simple and practical alternative to waist circumference to diagnose metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Waist-to-height ratio is a simple and practical alternative to waist circumference to diagnose metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes |
| title_short | Waist-to-height ratio is a simple and practical alternative to waist circumference to diagnose metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes |
| title_sort | waist to height ratio is a simple and practical alternative to waist circumference to diagnose metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes |
| topic | metabolic syndrome waist-to-height ratio type 2 diabetes mellitus waist circumference insulin resistance |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.986090/full |
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