Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants: Different Players and Focus on WUSCHEL and WUS-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) Transcription Factors
In plants, other cells can express totipotency in addition to the zygote, thus resulting in embryo differentiation; this appears evident in apomictic and epiphyllous plants. According to Haberlandt’s theory, all plant cells can regenerate a complete plant if the nucleus and the membrane system are i...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-12-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/24/15950 |
| _version_ | 1797431519761924096 |
|---|---|
| author | Marco Fambrini Gabriele Usai Claudio Pugliesi |
| author_facet | Marco Fambrini Gabriele Usai Claudio Pugliesi |
| author_sort | Marco Fambrini |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In plants, other cells can express totipotency in addition to the zygote, thus resulting in embryo differentiation; this appears evident in apomictic and epiphyllous plants. According to Haberlandt’s theory, all plant cells can regenerate a complete plant if the nucleus and the membrane system are intact. In fact, under in vitro conditions, ectopic embryos and adventitious shoots can develop from many organs of the mature plant body. We are beginning to understand how determination processes are regulated and how cell specialization occurs. However, we still need to unravel the mechanisms whereby a cell interprets its position, decides its fate, and communicates it to others. The induction of somatic embryogenesis might be based on a plant growth regulator signal (auxin) to determine an appropriate cellular environment and other factors, including stress and ectopic expression of embryo or meristem identity transcription factors (TFs). Still, we are far from having a complete view of the regulatory genes, their target genes, and their action hierarchy. As in animals, epigenetic reprogramming also plays an essential role in re-establishing the competence of differentiated cells to undergo somatic embryogenesis. Herein, we describe the functions of WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) transcription factors in regulating the differentiation–dedifferentiation cell process and in the developmental phase of in vitro regenerated adventitious structures. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T09:46:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ddb47d1cf3bb455dae84caac519350c6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T09:46:14Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-ddb47d1cf3bb455dae84caac519350c62023-12-02T00:36:53ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-12-0123241595010.3390/ijms232415950Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants: Different Players and Focus on WUSCHEL and WUS-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) Transcription FactorsMarco Fambrini0Gabriele Usai1Claudio Pugliesi2Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, ItalyIn plants, other cells can express totipotency in addition to the zygote, thus resulting in embryo differentiation; this appears evident in apomictic and epiphyllous plants. According to Haberlandt’s theory, all plant cells can regenerate a complete plant if the nucleus and the membrane system are intact. In fact, under in vitro conditions, ectopic embryos and adventitious shoots can develop from many organs of the mature plant body. We are beginning to understand how determination processes are regulated and how cell specialization occurs. However, we still need to unravel the mechanisms whereby a cell interprets its position, decides its fate, and communicates it to others. The induction of somatic embryogenesis might be based on a plant growth regulator signal (auxin) to determine an appropriate cellular environment and other factors, including stress and ectopic expression of embryo or meristem identity transcription factors (TFs). Still, we are far from having a complete view of the regulatory genes, their target genes, and their action hierarchy. As in animals, epigenetic reprogramming also plays an essential role in re-establishing the competence of differentiated cells to undergo somatic embryogenesis. Herein, we describe the functions of WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) transcription factors in regulating the differentiation–dedifferentiation cell process and in the developmental phase of in vitro regenerated adventitious structures.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/24/15950somatic embryogenesistotipotency<i>WUSCHEL-related homeobox</i> genestranscription factorsepigenetic changesplant growth regulators |
| spellingShingle | Marco Fambrini Gabriele Usai Claudio Pugliesi Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants: Different Players and Focus on WUSCHEL and WUS-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) Transcription Factors International Journal of Molecular Sciences somatic embryogenesis totipotency <i>WUSCHEL-related homeobox</i> genes transcription factors epigenetic changes plant growth regulators |
| title | Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants: Different Players and Focus on WUSCHEL and WUS-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) Transcription Factors |
| title_full | Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants: Different Players and Focus on WUSCHEL and WUS-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) Transcription Factors |
| title_fullStr | Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants: Different Players and Focus on WUSCHEL and WUS-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) Transcription Factors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants: Different Players and Focus on WUSCHEL and WUS-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) Transcription Factors |
| title_short | Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants: Different Players and Focus on WUSCHEL and WUS-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) Transcription Factors |
| title_sort | induction of somatic embryogenesis in plants different players and focus on wuschel and wus related homeobox wox transcription factors |
| topic | somatic embryogenesis totipotency <i>WUSCHEL-related homeobox</i> genes transcription factors epigenetic changes plant growth regulators |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/24/15950 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT marcofambrini inductionofsomaticembryogenesisinplantsdifferentplayersandfocusonwuschelandwusrelatedhomeoboxwoxtranscriptionfactors AT gabrieleusai inductionofsomaticembryogenesisinplantsdifferentplayersandfocusonwuschelandwusrelatedhomeoboxwoxtranscriptionfactors AT claudiopugliesi inductionofsomaticembryogenesisinplantsdifferentplayersandfocusonwuschelandwusrelatedhomeoboxwoxtranscriptionfactors |