Biomechanics of Trail Running Performance: Quantification of Spatio-Temporal Parameters by Using Low Cost Sensors in Ecological Conditions
The recent popularity of trail running and the use of portable sensors capable of measuring many performance results have led to the growth of new fields in sports science experimentation. Trail running is a challenging sport; it usually involves running uphill, which is physically demanding and the...
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/5/2093 |
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| author | Noé Perrotin Nicolas Gardan Arnaud Lesprillier Clément Le Goff Jean-Marc Seigneur Ellie Abdi Borja Sanudo Redha Taiar |
| author_facet | Noé Perrotin Nicolas Gardan Arnaud Lesprillier Clément Le Goff Jean-Marc Seigneur Ellie Abdi Borja Sanudo Redha Taiar |
| author_sort | Noé Perrotin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The recent popularity of trail running and the use of portable sensors capable of measuring many performance results have led to the growth of new fields in sports science experimentation. Trail running is a challenging sport; it usually involves running uphill, which is physically demanding and therefore requires adaptation to the running style. The main objectives of this study were initially to use three “low-cost” sensors. These low-cost sensors can be acquired by most sports practitioners or trainers. In the second step, measurements were taken in ecological conditions orderly to expose the runners to a real trail course. Furthermore, to combine the collected data to analyze the most efficient running techniques according to the typology of the terrain were taken, as well on the whole trail circuit of less than 10 km. The three sensors used were (i) a Stryd sensor (Stryd Inc., Boulder, CO, USA) based on an inertial measurement unit (IMU), 6 axes (3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis accelerometer) fixed on the top of the runner’s shoe, (ii) a Global Positioning System (GPS) watch and (iii) a heart belt. Twenty-eight trail runners (25 men, 3 women: average age 36 ± 8 years; height: 175.4 ± 7.2 cm; weight: 68.7 ± 8.7 kg) of different levels completed in a single race over a 8.5 km course with 490 m of positive elevation gain. This was performed with different types of terrain uphill (UH), downhill (DH), and road sections (R) at their competitive race pace. On these sections of the course, cadence (SF), step length (SL), ground contact time (GCT), flight time (FT), vertical oscillation (VO), leg stiffness (Kleg), and power (P) were measured with the Stryd. Heart rate, speed, ascent, and descent speed were measured by the heart rate belt and the GPS watch. This study showed that on a ≤10 km trail course the criteria for obtaining a better time on the loop, determined in the test, was consistency in the effort. In a high percentage of climbs (>30%), two running techniques stand out: (i) maintaining a high SF and a short SL and (ii) decreasing the SF but increasing the SL. In addition, it has been shown that in steep (>28%) and technical descents, the average SF of the runners was higher. This happened when their SL was shorter in lower steep and technically challenging descents. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:29:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ddb496fa278e4efebbc6aa70ee75e857 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:29:57Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-ddb496fa278e4efebbc6aa70ee75e8572023-12-11T18:37:08ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-02-01115209310.3390/app11052093Biomechanics of Trail Running Performance: Quantification of Spatio-Temporal Parameters by Using Low Cost Sensors in Ecological ConditionsNoé Perrotin0Nicolas Gardan1Arnaud Lesprillier2Clément Le Goff3Jean-Marc Seigneur4Ellie Abdi5Borja Sanudo6Redha Taiar7iNumLab Micado, 04200 Sisteron, FranceiNumLab Micado, 04200 Sisteron, FranceAlpi’motion, 04250 Clamensane, FrancePSMS Laboratory—EA 7507, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, FranceMedi@LAB, SdS/G3S, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, SwitzerlandCenter of Pedagogy, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USADepartamento de Educación Física y Deporte, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, SpainMATIM, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, FranceThe recent popularity of trail running and the use of portable sensors capable of measuring many performance results have led to the growth of new fields in sports science experimentation. Trail running is a challenging sport; it usually involves running uphill, which is physically demanding and therefore requires adaptation to the running style. The main objectives of this study were initially to use three “low-cost” sensors. These low-cost sensors can be acquired by most sports practitioners or trainers. In the second step, measurements were taken in ecological conditions orderly to expose the runners to a real trail course. Furthermore, to combine the collected data to analyze the most efficient running techniques according to the typology of the terrain were taken, as well on the whole trail circuit of less than 10 km. The three sensors used were (i) a Stryd sensor (Stryd Inc., Boulder, CO, USA) based on an inertial measurement unit (IMU), 6 axes (3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis accelerometer) fixed on the top of the runner’s shoe, (ii) a Global Positioning System (GPS) watch and (iii) a heart belt. Twenty-eight trail runners (25 men, 3 women: average age 36 ± 8 years; height: 175.4 ± 7.2 cm; weight: 68.7 ± 8.7 kg) of different levels completed in a single race over a 8.5 km course with 490 m of positive elevation gain. This was performed with different types of terrain uphill (UH), downhill (DH), and road sections (R) at their competitive race pace. On these sections of the course, cadence (SF), step length (SL), ground contact time (GCT), flight time (FT), vertical oscillation (VO), leg stiffness (Kleg), and power (P) were measured with the Stryd. Heart rate, speed, ascent, and descent speed were measured by the heart rate belt and the GPS watch. This study showed that on a ≤10 km trail course the criteria for obtaining a better time on the loop, determined in the test, was consistency in the effort. In a high percentage of climbs (>30%), two running techniques stand out: (i) maintaining a high SF and a short SL and (ii) decreasing the SF but increasing the SL. In addition, it has been shown that in steep (>28%) and technical descents, the average SF of the runners was higher. This happened when their SL was shorter in lower steep and technically challenging descents.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/5/2093spatio-temporal parameterssensorstrail runningbiomechanics |
| spellingShingle | Noé Perrotin Nicolas Gardan Arnaud Lesprillier Clément Le Goff Jean-Marc Seigneur Ellie Abdi Borja Sanudo Redha Taiar Biomechanics of Trail Running Performance: Quantification of Spatio-Temporal Parameters by Using Low Cost Sensors in Ecological Conditions Applied Sciences spatio-temporal parameters sensors trail running biomechanics |
| title | Biomechanics of Trail Running Performance: Quantification of Spatio-Temporal Parameters by Using Low Cost Sensors in Ecological Conditions |
| title_full | Biomechanics of Trail Running Performance: Quantification of Spatio-Temporal Parameters by Using Low Cost Sensors in Ecological Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Biomechanics of Trail Running Performance: Quantification of Spatio-Temporal Parameters by Using Low Cost Sensors in Ecological Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biomechanics of Trail Running Performance: Quantification of Spatio-Temporal Parameters by Using Low Cost Sensors in Ecological Conditions |
| title_short | Biomechanics of Trail Running Performance: Quantification of Spatio-Temporal Parameters by Using Low Cost Sensors in Ecological Conditions |
| title_sort | biomechanics of trail running performance quantification of spatio temporal parameters by using low cost sensors in ecological conditions |
| topic | spatio-temporal parameters sensors trail running biomechanics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/5/2093 |
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