Spatial and temporal village-level prevalence of Plasmodium infection and associated risk factors in two districts of Meghalaya, India
Abstract Background Despite declining incidence over the past decade, malaria remains an important health burden in India. This study aimed to assess the village-level temporal patterns of Plasmodium infection in two districts of the north-eastern state of Meghalaya and evaluate risk factors that mi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Malaria Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03600-w |
| _version_ | 1818920344278269952 |
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| author | Anne Kessler Badondor Shylla Upasana Shyamsunder Singh Rilynti Lyngdoh Bandapkupar Mawkhlieng Anna Maria van Eijk Steven A. Sullivan Aparup Das Catherine Walton Mark L. Wilson Jane M. Carlton Sandra Albert |
| author_facet | Anne Kessler Badondor Shylla Upasana Shyamsunder Singh Rilynti Lyngdoh Bandapkupar Mawkhlieng Anna Maria van Eijk Steven A. Sullivan Aparup Das Catherine Walton Mark L. Wilson Jane M. Carlton Sandra Albert |
| author_sort | Anne Kessler |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Despite declining incidence over the past decade, malaria remains an important health burden in India. This study aimed to assess the village-level temporal patterns of Plasmodium infection in two districts of the north-eastern state of Meghalaya and evaluate risk factors that might explain these patterns. Methods Primary Health Centre passive malaria case data from 2014 to 2018 were analysed to characterize village-specific annual incidence and temporal trends. Active malaria case detection was undertaken in 2018 and 2019 to detect Plasmodium infections using PCR. A questionnaire collected socio-demographic, environmental, and behavioural data, and households were spatially mapped via GPS. Adult mosquitoes were sampled at a subset of subjects' houses, and Anopheles were identified by PCR and sequencing. Risk factors for Plasmodium infection were evaluated using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, and spatial cluster analysis was undertaken. Results The annual malaria incidence from PHC-based passive surveillance datasets in 2014–2018 was heterogenous but declining across villages in both districts. Active surveillance in 2018 enrolled 1468 individuals from 468 households (West Jaintia Hills) and 1274 individuals from 359 households (West Khasi Hills). Plasmodium falciparum prevalence per 100 people varied from 0 to 4.1% in the nine villages of West Jaintia Hills, and from 0 to 10.6% in the 12 villages of West Khasi Hills. Significant clustering of P. falciparum infections [observed = 11, expected = 2.15, Relative Risk (RR) = 12.65; p < 0.001] was observed in West Khasi Hills. A total of 13 Anopheles species were found at 53 houses in five villages, with Anopheles jeyporiensis being the most abundant. Risk of infection increased with presence of mosquitoes and electricity in the households [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.19 and 1.11], respectively. Households with reported animals had reduced infection risk (OR = 0.91). Conclusion Malaria incidence during 2014–2018 declined in all study villages covered by the passive surveillance data, a period that includes the first widespread insecticide-treated net campaign. The survey data from 2018 revealed a significant association between Plasmodium infection and certain household characteristics. Since species of Plasmodium-competent mosquito vectors continue to be abundant, malaria resurgence remains a threat, and control efforts should continue. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T01:20:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ddd49053680843d583384826a5cdde1f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1475-2875 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T01:20:15Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Malaria Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-ddd49053680843d583384826a5cdde1f2022-12-21T19:58:28ZengBMCMalaria Journal1475-28752021-02-0120111710.1186/s12936-021-03600-wSpatial and temporal village-level prevalence of Plasmodium infection and associated risk factors in two districts of Meghalaya, IndiaAnne Kessler0Badondor Shylla1Upasana Shyamsunder Singh2Rilynti Lyngdoh3Bandapkupar Mawkhlieng4Anna Maria van Eijk5Steven A. Sullivan6Aparup Das7Catherine Walton8Mark L. Wilson9Jane M. Carlton10Sandra Albert11Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York UniversityIndian Institute of Public Health-ShillongDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of ManchesterDepartment of Health Services (Malaria), National Vector Borne Disease ProgrammeIndian Institute of Public Health-ShillongCenter for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York UniversityCenter for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York UniversityICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal HealthDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of ManchesterDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of MichiganCenter for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York UniversityIndian Institute of Public Health-ShillongAbstract Background Despite declining incidence over the past decade, malaria remains an important health burden in India. This study aimed to assess the village-level temporal patterns of Plasmodium infection in two districts of the north-eastern state of Meghalaya and evaluate risk factors that might explain these patterns. Methods Primary Health Centre passive malaria case data from 2014 to 2018 were analysed to characterize village-specific annual incidence and temporal trends. Active malaria case detection was undertaken in 2018 and 2019 to detect Plasmodium infections using PCR. A questionnaire collected socio-demographic, environmental, and behavioural data, and households were spatially mapped via GPS. Adult mosquitoes were sampled at a subset of subjects' houses, and Anopheles were identified by PCR and sequencing. Risk factors for Plasmodium infection were evaluated using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, and spatial cluster analysis was undertaken. Results The annual malaria incidence from PHC-based passive surveillance datasets in 2014–2018 was heterogenous but declining across villages in both districts. Active surveillance in 2018 enrolled 1468 individuals from 468 households (West Jaintia Hills) and 1274 individuals from 359 households (West Khasi Hills). Plasmodium falciparum prevalence per 100 people varied from 0 to 4.1% in the nine villages of West Jaintia Hills, and from 0 to 10.6% in the 12 villages of West Khasi Hills. Significant clustering of P. falciparum infections [observed = 11, expected = 2.15, Relative Risk (RR) = 12.65; p < 0.001] was observed in West Khasi Hills. A total of 13 Anopheles species were found at 53 houses in five villages, with Anopheles jeyporiensis being the most abundant. Risk of infection increased with presence of mosquitoes and electricity in the households [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.19 and 1.11], respectively. Households with reported animals had reduced infection risk (OR = 0.91). Conclusion Malaria incidence during 2014–2018 declined in all study villages covered by the passive surveillance data, a period that includes the first widespread insecticide-treated net campaign. The survey data from 2018 revealed a significant association between Plasmodium infection and certain household characteristics. Since species of Plasmodium-competent mosquito vectors continue to be abundant, malaria resurgence remains a threat, and control efforts should continue.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03600-wSubpatent Plasmodium infectionsAnopheles mosquito abundanceDeclining incidenceMalaria elimination |
| spellingShingle | Anne Kessler Badondor Shylla Upasana Shyamsunder Singh Rilynti Lyngdoh Bandapkupar Mawkhlieng Anna Maria van Eijk Steven A. Sullivan Aparup Das Catherine Walton Mark L. Wilson Jane M. Carlton Sandra Albert Spatial and temporal village-level prevalence of Plasmodium infection and associated risk factors in two districts of Meghalaya, India Malaria Journal Subpatent Plasmodium infections Anopheles mosquito abundance Declining incidence Malaria elimination |
| title | Spatial and temporal village-level prevalence of Plasmodium infection and associated risk factors in two districts of Meghalaya, India |
| title_full | Spatial and temporal village-level prevalence of Plasmodium infection and associated risk factors in two districts of Meghalaya, India |
| title_fullStr | Spatial and temporal village-level prevalence of Plasmodium infection and associated risk factors in two districts of Meghalaya, India |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial and temporal village-level prevalence of Plasmodium infection and associated risk factors in two districts of Meghalaya, India |
| title_short | Spatial and temporal village-level prevalence of Plasmodium infection and associated risk factors in two districts of Meghalaya, India |
| title_sort | spatial and temporal village level prevalence of plasmodium infection and associated risk factors in two districts of meghalaya india |
| topic | Subpatent Plasmodium infections Anopheles mosquito abundance Declining incidence Malaria elimination |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03600-w |
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