Delineation of Soil Management Zone Maps at the Regional Scale Using Machine Learning
Applying fertilizers to soil in a site-specific way that maximizes yields and minimizes environmental damage is an important goal. Developing soil management zones (MZs) is a suitable method for achieving sustainable agricultural production. Thus, this work aims to investigate MZs delineated based o...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-02-01
|
| Series: | Agronomy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/2/445 |
| _version_ | 1797622939225423872 |
|---|---|
| author | Sedigheh Maleki Alireza Karimi Amin Mousavi Ruth Kerry Ruhollah Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi |
| author_facet | Sedigheh Maleki Alireza Karimi Amin Mousavi Ruth Kerry Ruhollah Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi |
| author_sort | Sedigheh Maleki |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Applying fertilizers to soil in a site-specific way that maximizes yields and minimizes environmental damage is an important goal. Developing soil management zones (MZs) is a suitable method for achieving sustainable agricultural production. Thus, this work aims to investigate MZs delineated based on the different soil properties using machine learning methods. To achieve these, 202 soil samples were collected at the agricultural land of pomegranate, pistachio, and saffron. A “random forest” model was applied to map soil properties based on environmental covariates. The predicted “Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient” values in validation soil properties varied from 0.65 to 0.79. The maps indicated low amounts of soil organic carbon, available potassium, available phosphate, and total nitrogen in most of the region. Furthermore, the study identified four different MZs according to relationships between soil properties and environmental covariates. Generally, the ranking of zones in terms of soil fertility was MZ4 > MZ1 > MZ3 > MZ2 based on the investigated soil properties and the soil quality (SQ) map. The five grades of SQ (i.e., very high, high, moderate, low, and very low) indicated that there was heterogeneous SQ in each MZ in the study area. There were 1.65 ha identified in MZ4 with very low SQ. This result is important in determining the amount of fertilizer to add to the soil in the different areas. It confirms the need for more specific regional management of agriculture lands in this region. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:17:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ddeed997c7244dbdb26fb0b68630b1ad |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:17:23Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-ddeed997c7244dbdb26fb0b68630b1ad2023-11-16T18:34:42ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-02-0113244510.3390/agronomy13020445Delineation of Soil Management Zone Maps at the Regional Scale Using Machine LearningSedigheh Maleki0Alireza Karimi1Amin Mousavi2Ruth Kerry3Ruhollah Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi4Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948978, IranDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948978, IranDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948978, IranDepartment of Geography, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USADepartment of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, GermanyApplying fertilizers to soil in a site-specific way that maximizes yields and minimizes environmental damage is an important goal. Developing soil management zones (MZs) is a suitable method for achieving sustainable agricultural production. Thus, this work aims to investigate MZs delineated based on the different soil properties using machine learning methods. To achieve these, 202 soil samples were collected at the agricultural land of pomegranate, pistachio, and saffron. A “random forest” model was applied to map soil properties based on environmental covariates. The predicted “Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient” values in validation soil properties varied from 0.65 to 0.79. The maps indicated low amounts of soil organic carbon, available potassium, available phosphate, and total nitrogen in most of the region. Furthermore, the study identified four different MZs according to relationships between soil properties and environmental covariates. Generally, the ranking of zones in terms of soil fertility was MZ4 > MZ1 > MZ3 > MZ2 based on the investigated soil properties and the soil quality (SQ) map. The five grades of SQ (i.e., very high, high, moderate, low, and very low) indicated that there was heterogeneous SQ in each MZ in the study area. There were 1.65 ha identified in MZ4 with very low SQ. This result is important in determining the amount of fertilizer to add to the soil in the different areas. It confirms the need for more specific regional management of agriculture lands in this region.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/2/445arid regiondigital soil mappingspecific regional managementsoil fertility |
| spellingShingle | Sedigheh Maleki Alireza Karimi Amin Mousavi Ruth Kerry Ruhollah Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi Delineation of Soil Management Zone Maps at the Regional Scale Using Machine Learning Agronomy arid region digital soil mapping specific regional management soil fertility |
| title | Delineation of Soil Management Zone Maps at the Regional Scale Using Machine Learning |
| title_full | Delineation of Soil Management Zone Maps at the Regional Scale Using Machine Learning |
| title_fullStr | Delineation of Soil Management Zone Maps at the Regional Scale Using Machine Learning |
| title_full_unstemmed | Delineation of Soil Management Zone Maps at the Regional Scale Using Machine Learning |
| title_short | Delineation of Soil Management Zone Maps at the Regional Scale Using Machine Learning |
| title_sort | delineation of soil management zone maps at the regional scale using machine learning |
| topic | arid region digital soil mapping specific regional management soil fertility |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/2/445 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sedighehmaleki delineationofsoilmanagementzonemapsattheregionalscaleusingmachinelearning AT alirezakarimi delineationofsoilmanagementzonemapsattheregionalscaleusingmachinelearning AT aminmousavi delineationofsoilmanagementzonemapsattheregionalscaleusingmachinelearning AT ruthkerry delineationofsoilmanagementzonemapsattheregionalscaleusingmachinelearning AT ruhollahtaghizadehmehrjardi delineationofsoilmanagementzonemapsattheregionalscaleusingmachinelearning |