Calpain activation and progression of inflammatory cycles in Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative condition of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting 6.3 million people worldwide with no curative treatments. Current therapies aim to mitigate PD’s effects and offer symptomatic relief for patients. Multiple pathways are involved in t...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IMR Press
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark |
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| Online Access: | https://www.imrpress.com/journal/FBL/27/1/10.31083/j.fbl2701020 |
| _version_ | 1819025939140444160 |
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| author | Andrew Gao Hannah M. McCoy Vandana Zaman Donald C. Shields Naren L. Banik Azizul Haque |
| author_facet | Andrew Gao Hannah M. McCoy Vandana Zaman Donald C. Shields Naren L. Banik Azizul Haque |
| author_sort | Andrew Gao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative condition of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting 6.3 million people worldwide with no curative treatments. Current therapies aim to mitigate PD’s effects and offer symptomatic relief for patients. Multiple pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of PD, leading to neuroinflammation and the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the CNS. This review focuses on PD pathology and the role of calpain, a neutral protease, as a regulator of various immune cells such as T-cells, microglia and astrocytes which lead to persistent neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal loss in both the brain and spinal cord (SC). Calpain plays a significant role in the cleavage and aggregation of toxic α-synuclein (α-syn), a presynaptic neural protein, and other organelles, contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. α-Syn aggregation results in the formation of Lewy bodies (LB) that further contribute to neuronal damage through lipid bilayer penetration, calcium ion (Ca2+) influx, oxidative stress and damage to the blood brain barrier (BBB). Dysfunctional mitochondria destabilize cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, raising intracellular Ca2+; this leads to excessive calpain activation and persistent inflammatory responses. α-Syn aggregation also results in the disruption of dopamine synthesis through phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a key enzyme involved in the conversion of tyrosine to levodopa (L-DOPA), the amino acid precursor to dopamine. Decreased dopamine levels result in altered dopamine receptor (DR) signaling, ultimately activating pro-inflammatory T-cells to further contribute to the inflammatory response. All of these processes, together, result in neuroinflammation, degeneration and ultimately neuronal death seen in PD. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP—a prodrug to the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)), rotenone (an environmental neurotoxin), and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA - a neurotoxic synthetic organic compound) induce PD-like conditions when injected into rodents. All three agents work through similar mechanisms and lead to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and more recently discovered in motor neurons of the spinal cord (SC). These neurotoxins also increase calpain activity, furthering the neuroinflammatory response. Hence, calpain inhibitors have been posited as potential therapeutics for PD to prevent calpain-related inflammation and neurodegenerative responses in not only the SN but the SC as well. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T05:18:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ddfa32cf1c074a9587f9e4d22c4b81d1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2768-6701 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T05:18:39Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | IMR Press |
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| series | Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark |
| spelling | doaj.art-ddfa32cf1c074a9587f9e4d22c4b81d12022-12-21T19:14:52ZengIMR PressFrontiers in Bioscience-Landmark2768-67012022-01-0127102010.31083/j.fbl2701020S2768-6701(22)00358-6Calpain activation and progression of inflammatory cycles in Parkinson’s diseaseAndrew Gao0Hannah M. McCoy1Vandana Zaman2Donald C. Shields3Naren L. Banik4Azizul Haque5Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USADepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USADepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USADepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USAParkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative condition of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting 6.3 million people worldwide with no curative treatments. Current therapies aim to mitigate PD’s effects and offer symptomatic relief for patients. Multiple pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of PD, leading to neuroinflammation and the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the CNS. This review focuses on PD pathology and the role of calpain, a neutral protease, as a regulator of various immune cells such as T-cells, microglia and astrocytes which lead to persistent neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal loss in both the brain and spinal cord (SC). Calpain plays a significant role in the cleavage and aggregation of toxic α-synuclein (α-syn), a presynaptic neural protein, and other organelles, contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. α-Syn aggregation results in the formation of Lewy bodies (LB) that further contribute to neuronal damage through lipid bilayer penetration, calcium ion (Ca2+) influx, oxidative stress and damage to the blood brain barrier (BBB). Dysfunctional mitochondria destabilize cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, raising intracellular Ca2+; this leads to excessive calpain activation and persistent inflammatory responses. α-Syn aggregation also results in the disruption of dopamine synthesis through phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a key enzyme involved in the conversion of tyrosine to levodopa (L-DOPA), the amino acid precursor to dopamine. Decreased dopamine levels result in altered dopamine receptor (DR) signaling, ultimately activating pro-inflammatory T-cells to further contribute to the inflammatory response. All of these processes, together, result in neuroinflammation, degeneration and ultimately neuronal death seen in PD. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP—a prodrug to the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)), rotenone (an environmental neurotoxin), and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA - a neurotoxic synthetic organic compound) induce PD-like conditions when injected into rodents. All three agents work through similar mechanisms and lead to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and more recently discovered in motor neurons of the spinal cord (SC). These neurotoxins also increase calpain activity, furthering the neuroinflammatory response. Hence, calpain inhibitors have been posited as potential therapeutics for PD to prevent calpain-related inflammation and neurodegenerative responses in not only the SN but the SC as well.https://www.imrpress.com/journal/FBL/27/1/10.31083/j.fbl2701020α-synuclein (α-syn)calpaindopamineneurodegenerationneuroinflammationspinal cordparkinson's disease (pd) |
| spellingShingle | Andrew Gao Hannah M. McCoy Vandana Zaman Donald C. Shields Naren L. Banik Azizul Haque Calpain activation and progression of inflammatory cycles in Parkinson’s disease Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark α-synuclein (α-syn) calpain dopamine neurodegeneration neuroinflammation spinal cord parkinson's disease (pd) |
| title | Calpain activation and progression of inflammatory cycles in Parkinson’s disease |
| title_full | Calpain activation and progression of inflammatory cycles in Parkinson’s disease |
| title_fullStr | Calpain activation and progression of inflammatory cycles in Parkinson’s disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Calpain activation and progression of inflammatory cycles in Parkinson’s disease |
| title_short | Calpain activation and progression of inflammatory cycles in Parkinson’s disease |
| title_sort | calpain activation and progression of inflammatory cycles in parkinson s disease |
| topic | α-synuclein (α-syn) calpain dopamine neurodegeneration neuroinflammation spinal cord parkinson's disease (pd) |
| url | https://www.imrpress.com/journal/FBL/27/1/10.31083/j.fbl2701020 |
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