Forty years of ocean acidification observations (1983–2023) in the Sargasso Sea at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site
Ocean physical and biogeochemical conditions are rapidly changing over time. Forty years of observations from 1983 to 2023 collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site near Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean shows continuing trends of surface warming, increase in salinity, loss o...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1289931/full |
| _version_ | 1827592700401025024 |
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| author | Nicholas R. Bates Nicholas R. Bates Rodney J. Johnson Rodney J. Johnson |
| author_facet | Nicholas R. Bates Nicholas R. Bates Rodney J. Johnson Rodney J. Johnson |
| author_sort | Nicholas R. Bates |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ocean physical and biogeochemical conditions are rapidly changing over time. Forty years of observations from 1983 to 2023 collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site near Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean shows continuing trends of surface warming, increase in salinity, loss of dissolved oxygen (DO), increase in carbon dioxide (CO2), and ocean acidification (OA) effects. Over this period, the ocean has warmed by about +1°C, increased in salinity by +0.136, and lost DO by 12.5 µmol kg−1 or ~6%. Since the 1980s, ocean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), a tracer of anthropogenic CO2 (CTrOCA), and fugacities/partial pressures of CO2 (i.e., fCO2 and pCO2) have continued to increase substantially, with no evidence of a reduction in the rates of change over time. Contemporaneously, ocean pH has decreased by ~0.1 pH units [with ocean acidity (i.e., H+) increasing by >30%], and the saturation states of calcium carbonate minerals (Ωcalcite and Ωaragonite) have decreased. These OA indicators show that the chemical conditions for calcification have become less favorable over the past 40 years. Updating of data and trends at the BATS site show how ocean chemistry of the 2020s is now outside the range observed in the 1980s, and how essential these data are for predicting the response of ocean chemistry and marine ecosystems to future shifting earth and ocean conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:59:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ddfccab0d1e9458ca697c16f5266dce2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-7745 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:59:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-ddfccab0d1e9458ca697c16f5266dce22023-12-08T10:05:51ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452023-12-011010.3389/fmars.2023.12899311289931Forty years of ocean acidification observations (1983–2023) in the Sargasso Sea at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study siteNicholas R. Bates0Nicholas R. Bates1Rodney J. Johnson2Rodney J. Johnson3School of Ocean Futures, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United StatesBermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, Arizona State University, St. George’s, Bermuda, BermudaSchool of Ocean Futures, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United StatesBermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, Arizona State University, St. George’s, Bermuda, BermudaOcean physical and biogeochemical conditions are rapidly changing over time. Forty years of observations from 1983 to 2023 collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site near Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean shows continuing trends of surface warming, increase in salinity, loss of dissolved oxygen (DO), increase in carbon dioxide (CO2), and ocean acidification (OA) effects. Over this period, the ocean has warmed by about +1°C, increased in salinity by +0.136, and lost DO by 12.5 µmol kg−1 or ~6%. Since the 1980s, ocean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), a tracer of anthropogenic CO2 (CTrOCA), and fugacities/partial pressures of CO2 (i.e., fCO2 and pCO2) have continued to increase substantially, with no evidence of a reduction in the rates of change over time. Contemporaneously, ocean pH has decreased by ~0.1 pH units [with ocean acidity (i.e., H+) increasing by >30%], and the saturation states of calcium carbonate minerals (Ωcalcite and Ωaragonite) have decreased. These OA indicators show that the chemical conditions for calcification have become less favorable over the past 40 years. Updating of data and trends at the BATS site show how ocean chemistry of the 2020s is now outside the range observed in the 1980s, and how essential these data are for predicting the response of ocean chemistry and marine ecosystems to future shifting earth and ocean conditions.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1289931/fullseawater alkalinityocean carbon cycleocean carbon dioxideocean temperatureocean salinityNorth Atlantic Ocean |
| spellingShingle | Nicholas R. Bates Nicholas R. Bates Rodney J. Johnson Rodney J. Johnson Forty years of ocean acidification observations (1983–2023) in the Sargasso Sea at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site Frontiers in Marine Science seawater alkalinity ocean carbon cycle ocean carbon dioxide ocean temperature ocean salinity North Atlantic Ocean |
| title | Forty years of ocean acidification observations (1983–2023) in the Sargasso Sea at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site |
| title_full | Forty years of ocean acidification observations (1983–2023) in the Sargasso Sea at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site |
| title_fullStr | Forty years of ocean acidification observations (1983–2023) in the Sargasso Sea at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site |
| title_full_unstemmed | Forty years of ocean acidification observations (1983–2023) in the Sargasso Sea at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site |
| title_short | Forty years of ocean acidification observations (1983–2023) in the Sargasso Sea at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site |
| title_sort | forty years of ocean acidification observations 1983 2023 in the sargasso sea at the bermuda atlantic time series study site |
| topic | seawater alkalinity ocean carbon cycle ocean carbon dioxide ocean temperature ocean salinity North Atlantic Ocean |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1289931/full |
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