Measurement report: The 4-year variability and influence of the Winter Olympics and other special events on air quality in urban Beijing during wintertime
<p>Comprehensive measurements are vital to obtain big enough datasets for better understanding the complex atmosphere and further improving the air quality. To investigate the 4-year variation of air quality and the influences of special events (Beijing Winter Olympics, COVID lockdown and Chin...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/6663/2023/acp-23-6663-2023.pdf |
| _version_ | 1827921993974939648 |
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| author | Y. Guo Y. Guo C. Deng C. Deng A. Ovaska F. Zheng C. Hua J. Zhan Y. Li J. Wu Z. Wang J. Xie Y. Zhang T. Liu Y. Zhang B. Song W. Ma Y. Liu C. Yan C. Yan C. Yan J. Jiang V.-M. Kerminen M. Xia M. Xia T. Nieminen W. Du W. Du T. Kokkonen T. Kokkonen T. Kokkonen M. Kulmala M. Kulmala |
| author_facet | Y. Guo Y. Guo C. Deng C. Deng A. Ovaska F. Zheng C. Hua J. Zhan Y. Li J. Wu Z. Wang J. Xie Y. Zhang T. Liu Y. Zhang B. Song W. Ma Y. Liu C. Yan C. Yan C. Yan J. Jiang V.-M. Kerminen M. Xia M. Xia T. Nieminen W. Du W. Du T. Kokkonen T. Kokkonen T. Kokkonen M. Kulmala M. Kulmala |
| author_sort | Y. Guo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Comprehensive measurements are vital to obtain big enough
datasets for better understanding the complex atmosphere and further
improving the air quality. To investigate the 4-year variation of air
quality and the influences of special events (Beijing Winter Olympics, COVID
lockdown and Chinese New Year) on it during the wintertime in polluted urban
air, we conducted comprehensive observations in Beijing, China, during
1 January–20 February, in the years from 2019 to 2022. The
mass concentration of PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> and its composition (organics, nitrate,
sulfate, ammonium, chloride and black carbon) and the number size distributions of
particles (down to <span class="inline-formula">∼1</span> nm) and ions, gaseous pollutants (CO,
NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub><i>x</i></sub></span>, SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>3</sub></span>) and condensable vapors (sulfuric acid and
oxygenated organic molecules), as well as meteorological parameters, were
simultaneously measured. The days before 22 January without any
special events in each year were selected to investigate the 4-year
variability of air quality. We found that the concentrations of CO,
NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub><i>x</i></sub></span>, total oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs), total PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span>,
organics, chloride and black carbon and the number concentration of sub-3 nm
particles (<span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>1.3−3</sub></span>) showed similar variations, decreasing from 2019 to
2021 and then increasing in 2022. For SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, however, its concentration
decreased year by year due to the significant emission reduction, further
leading to the decrease of gaseous sulfuric acid and particulate sulfate
from 2019 to 2022. O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>3</sub></span> concentration showed an opposite 4-year
variation compared with NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub><i>x</i></sub></span>. Meanwhile, both the oxygen and nitrogen
contents of oxygenated organic molecules increased year by year, implying
that not only the oxidation state of those compounds increased, but also
NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub><i>x</i></sub></span> was involved more efficiently in their formation processes. With
higher sulfuric acid concentrations and new particle formation (NPF) frequencies in 2021 than in
2022, and with the lowest concentrations of background aerosols and the
lowest ambient temperatures in 2021, <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>1.3−3</sub></span> was still the lowest in
2021. Unlike <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>1.3−3</sub></span>, the ion concentrations in both 0.8–2 and
2–4 nm size ranges were higher in 2021 than in the other years. Then, the
days after 4 February were chosen to explore the influence of special
events. The non-event days within this date<span id="page6664"/> range in 2019 and 2021 were
chosen as the reference period. Due to the favorable meteorological
conditions together with reductions in anthropogenic emissions, there were
basically no haze events during the Olympics. Therefore, CO, NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub><i>x</i></sub></span>,
SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, total OOMs, accumulation-mode particles (<span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>100−1000</sub></span>), and total
PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> and its composition were much lower, while ion concentrations
were much higher compared with the reference period. Although there was also
emission reduction during COVID, especially for NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub><i>x</i></sub></span>, the
enhancement of secondary inorganic aerosol formation, together with
unfavorable meteorological conditions, caused severe haze events during this
period. Hence, CO, total OOMs and all PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> compositions during
COVID increased dramatically compared with the reference period. Influenced
by SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, condensation sink and sunlight, sulfuric acid concentration was
found to be comparable between the Olympics and the reference period but was
lower during COVID and Chinese New Year. Additionally, <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>1.3−3</sub></span> was
almost at the same level during different periods, indicating that the
special events only had little impact on the NPF
processes. These results provide useful information to the development of
more targeted pollution control plans.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T04:35:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-de2004aadbcc4a198d8a0f56e727924f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T04:35:43Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-de2004aadbcc4a198d8a0f56e727924f2023-06-19T06:56:32ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242023-06-01236663669010.5194/acp-23-6663-2023Measurement report: The 4-year variability and influence of the Winter Olympics and other special events on air quality in urban Beijing during wintertimeY. Guo0Y. Guo1C. Deng2C. Deng3A. Ovaska4F. Zheng5C. Hua6J. Zhan7Y. Li8J. Wu9Z. Wang10J. Xie11Y. Zhang12T. Liu13Y. Zhang14B. Song15W. Ma16Y. Liu17C. Yan18C. Yan19C. Yan20J. Jiang21V.-M. Kerminen22M. Xia23M. Xia24T. Nieminen25W. Du26W. Du27T. Kokkonen28T. Kokkonen29T. Kokkonen30M. Kulmala31M. Kulmala32Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandState Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaState Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaState Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandJoint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, ChinaState Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandJoint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, ChinaAerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, ChinaInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland<p>Comprehensive measurements are vital to obtain big enough datasets for better understanding the complex atmosphere and further improving the air quality. To investigate the 4-year variation of air quality and the influences of special events (Beijing Winter Olympics, COVID lockdown and Chinese New Year) on it during the wintertime in polluted urban air, we conducted comprehensive observations in Beijing, China, during 1 January–20 February, in the years from 2019 to 2022. The mass concentration of PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> and its composition (organics, nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, chloride and black carbon) and the number size distributions of particles (down to <span class="inline-formula">∼1</span> nm) and ions, gaseous pollutants (CO, NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub><i>x</i></sub></span>, SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>3</sub></span>) and condensable vapors (sulfuric acid and oxygenated organic molecules), as well as meteorological parameters, were simultaneously measured. The days before 22 January without any special events in each year were selected to investigate the 4-year variability of air quality. We found that the concentrations of CO, NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub><i>x</i></sub></span>, total oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs), total PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span>, organics, chloride and black carbon and the number concentration of sub-3 nm particles (<span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>1.3−3</sub></span>) showed similar variations, decreasing from 2019 to 2021 and then increasing in 2022. For SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, however, its concentration decreased year by year due to the significant emission reduction, further leading to the decrease of gaseous sulfuric acid and particulate sulfate from 2019 to 2022. O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>3</sub></span> concentration showed an opposite 4-year variation compared with NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub><i>x</i></sub></span>. Meanwhile, both the oxygen and nitrogen contents of oxygenated organic molecules increased year by year, implying that not only the oxidation state of those compounds increased, but also NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub><i>x</i></sub></span> was involved more efficiently in their formation processes. With higher sulfuric acid concentrations and new particle formation (NPF) frequencies in 2021 than in 2022, and with the lowest concentrations of background aerosols and the lowest ambient temperatures in 2021, <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>1.3−3</sub></span> was still the lowest in 2021. Unlike <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>1.3−3</sub></span>, the ion concentrations in both 0.8–2 and 2–4 nm size ranges were higher in 2021 than in the other years. Then, the days after 4 February were chosen to explore the influence of special events. The non-event days within this date<span id="page6664"/> range in 2019 and 2021 were chosen as the reference period. Due to the favorable meteorological conditions together with reductions in anthropogenic emissions, there were basically no haze events during the Olympics. Therefore, CO, NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub><i>x</i></sub></span>, SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, total OOMs, accumulation-mode particles (<span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>100−1000</sub></span>), and total PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> and its composition were much lower, while ion concentrations were much higher compared with the reference period. Although there was also emission reduction during COVID, especially for NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub><i>x</i></sub></span>, the enhancement of secondary inorganic aerosol formation, together with unfavorable meteorological conditions, caused severe haze events during this period. Hence, CO, total OOMs and all PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> compositions during COVID increased dramatically compared with the reference period. Influenced by SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, condensation sink and sunlight, sulfuric acid concentration was found to be comparable between the Olympics and the reference period but was lower during COVID and Chinese New Year. Additionally, <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>1.3−3</sub></span> was almost at the same level during different periods, indicating that the special events only had little impact on the NPF processes. These results provide useful information to the development of more targeted pollution control plans.</p>https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/6663/2023/acp-23-6663-2023.pdf |
| spellingShingle | Y. Guo Y. Guo C. Deng C. Deng A. Ovaska F. Zheng C. Hua J. Zhan Y. Li J. Wu Z. Wang J. Xie Y. Zhang T. Liu Y. Zhang B. Song W. Ma Y. Liu C. Yan C. Yan C. Yan J. Jiang V.-M. Kerminen M. Xia M. Xia T. Nieminen W. Du W. Du T. Kokkonen T. Kokkonen T. Kokkonen M. Kulmala M. Kulmala Measurement report: The 4-year variability and influence of the Winter Olympics and other special events on air quality in urban Beijing during wintertime Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Measurement report: The 4-year variability and influence of the Winter Olympics and other special events on air quality in urban Beijing during wintertime |
| title_full | Measurement report: The 4-year variability and influence of the Winter Olympics and other special events on air quality in urban Beijing during wintertime |
| title_fullStr | Measurement report: The 4-year variability and influence of the Winter Olympics and other special events on air quality in urban Beijing during wintertime |
| title_full_unstemmed | Measurement report: The 4-year variability and influence of the Winter Olympics and other special events on air quality in urban Beijing during wintertime |
| title_short | Measurement report: The 4-year variability and influence of the Winter Olympics and other special events on air quality in urban Beijing during wintertime |
| title_sort | measurement report the 4 year variability and influence of the winter olympics and other special events on air quality in urban beijing during wintertime |
| url | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/6663/2023/acp-23-6663-2023.pdf |
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